Programming Languages for Artificial Intelligence 2025

Introduction

There are a lot of articles about which programming languages are best for AI. I have previously posted on these in 2022, 2023 and 2024, producing top ten lists based on a number of articles on this topic from each year. In this post I will update these top ten lists based on 2025 articles.

Methodology

I looked at 39 articles from 2025. Each article was from a different author, to prevent duplication. 

I analysed the lists in three ways:

1. The frequency at which a language appeared in the lists, regardless of the position on the list;
2. The median rank assigned to each language across all lists in which is appears, and;
3. A weighted median rank, where the median rank of the language was weighted according to the frequency at which is appeared in lists. This corrects for outliers that were highly ranked on only a small number of lists.

Results

The length of the lists ranged from four to fifteen, with a median length of nine. The most common list length was ten. Below are the top ten ranked languages, for each analysis method.

In order of frequency, the top ten languages for AI are:

1. Python
2. Java
3. C++
4. Julia
5. R
6. JavaScript
7. Lisp
8. Prolog
9. Scala
10. Haskell

In order of median rank:

1. Python
2. Java
3. R
4. C++
5. C#
6. Julia
7. PHP
8. C
9. JavaScript
10. Lisp

Note that this is only the median rank of languages, regardless of how often they are listed. This is corrected by the weighted median rank.

The top ten languages for AI, as ordered by weighted median rank, are:

1. Python
2. Java
3. R
4. C++
5. Julia
6. JavaScript
7. Lisp
8. Prolog
9. Scala
10. Haskell

Comparing this to the weighted top ten list from 2024, we can see that the contents of the list hasn't changed at all. The ranks of all languages stayed the same, except for Scala and Haskell which switched places. Python has retained it's top spot once again, and Java stays in second place. C++ and R continue to fight it out for third and fourth, while Julia has stayed in the top five.

References

• https://www.octaldigital.com/blogs/ai-programming-languages/
• https://shivlab.com/blog/top-ai-programming-languages-comprehensive-guide/
• https://www.wednesday.is/writing-articles/top-ai-programming-languages-you-need-to-know
• https://www.pravaahconsulting.com/post/best-ai-programming-languages
• https://www.mygreatlearning.com/blog/aiml-tools-softwares-and-programming-languages/
• https://www.urapptech.com/blogs/ai-programming-languages
• https://www.sevensquaretech.com/top-ai-programming-languages/
• https://www.coderio.com/blog/software-development/top-8-programming-languages-ai/
• https://digiscorp.com/top-ai-programming-languages-in-2025-a-comprehensive-guide/
• https://www.zegocloud.com/blog/ai-programming-languages
• https://www.octalsoftware.com/blog/best-artificial-intelligence-ai-programming-languages
• https://www.tekrowe.com/blogs/post/op-10-programming-languages-you-need-to-know-for-ai-development
• https://www.capicua.com/blog/top-ai-development-languages
• https://phoenixnap.com/blog/ai-programming
• https://www.signitysolutions.com/blog/top-programming-languages-for-artificial-intelligence
• https://www.almabetter.com/bytes/articles/languages-used-for-ai-development
• https://www.intuz.com/blog/top-10-ai-programming-languages
• https://www.aalpha.net/blog/the-5-best-programming-languages-for-ai-development/
• https://www.mindinventory.com/blog/top-ai-programming-languages/
• https://mimo.org/blog/top-ai-programming-languages
• https://www.bmu.edu.in/social/popular-ai-programming-languages/
• https://decode.agency/article/ai-programming-languages/
• https://www.netguru.com/blog/ai-programming-languages
• https://www.sitepoint.com/best-programming-language-for-ai/
• https://eluminoustechnologies.com/blog/ai-programming-languages/
• https://www.esparkinfo.com/blog/ai-programming-languages-to-design-ai-apps
• https://www.upwork.com/resources/best-ai-programming-language
• https://www.bitcot.com/top-ai-programming-languages/
• https://www.ramotion.com/blog/ai-programming-languages/
• https://www.coursera.org/articles/ai-programming-languages
• https://www.entrans.ai/blog/top-ai-programming-languages
• https://medium.com/@alinaqishaheen/top-programming-languages-for-ai-coding-assistance-ranked-9d69ff03e082
• https://www.itransition.com/developers/in-demand-programming-languages
• https://www.snowflake.com/en/fundamentals/ai-programming-languages/
• https://www.deeplearning.ai/blog/five-important-ai-programming-languages/
• https://devtrust.biz/resources/blog/top-programming-languages-artificial-intelligence/
• https://www.jietjodhpur.ac.in/blog/list-of-programming-languages-for-artificial-intelligence
• https://developer.cisco.com/articles/best-programming-language-for-ai/what-is-the-best-programming-language-for-ai/#what-is-the-best-programming-language-for-ai
• https://www.sphinx-solution.com/blog/ai-programming-languages

Weekly Review 16 January 2026

Some interesting links that I Tweeted about in the last week (I also post these on Mastodon, Threads, Newsmast, and Bluesky):

1. Economists are uncertain about the impact of AI: https://www.computerworld.com/article/4108089/a-wild-future-how-economists-are-handling-ai-uncertainty-in-forecasts.html
2. Predicting health issues from sleep data using AI: https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/583468/ai-uses-sleep-study-data-to-accurately-predict-dozens-of-health-issues
3. Yet another AI posing a security risk: https://www.theregister.com/2026/01/07/ibm_bob_vulnerability/
4. Snowflake is embedding AI into its data handling tools: https://www.theregister.com/2026/01/06/snowflake_google_gemini_support/
5. AI is using so much RAM that there aren't enough chips to go around: https://www.theregister.com/2026/01/06/memory_firm_profits_up_as/
6. I'm still very skeptical about AI, especially generative AI, in health: https://dataconomy.com/2026/01/08/openai-launches-dedicated-chatgpt-health-space/
7. Governance is the key to scaling AI in organisations: https://www.informationweek.com/machine-learning-ai/scaling-ai-value-demands-industrial-governance
8. I think that only checking the first 250 prescription renewals made by AI is a bit short on quality control here. It's the edge cases where problems are going to occur: https://arstechnica.com/health/2026/01/utah-allows-ai-to-autonomously-prescribe-medication-refills/
9. A further attempt to make the output of AI more accurate: https://www.techtarget.com/searchdatamanagement/news/366637142/New-Databricks-tool-aims-to-up-agentic-AI-response-accuracy
10. Why Yan LeCun left Facebook's AI lab: https://arstechnica.com/ai/2026/01/computer-scientist-yann-lecun-intelligence-really-is-about-learning/
11. Businesses can turn the weaknesses of AI against their competitors: https://www.computerworld.com/article/4114017/companies-can-compete-against-ai-by-delivering-what-ai-cant.html
12. So its going to be a bit longer before AI destroys us all? https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2026/jan/06/leading-ai-expert-delays-timeline-possible-destruction-humanity
13. Prompt injection attacks continue to be a problem for AI: https://www.theregister.com/2026/01/08/openai_chatgpt_prompt_injection/
14. AI is being used to write malware, but it's just as full of hallucinations as any other code generated by AI: https://www.theregister.com/2026/01/08/criminals_vibe_coding_malware/
15. Generative AI in the financial services industry: https://www.techrepublic.com/article/generative-ai-financial-services/
16. Putting AI in heavy construction machinery: https://dataconomy.com/2026/01/08/caterpillar-partners-with-nvidia-to-put-ai-in-excavators/
17. Ford wants to use AI to personalise vehicles to their drivers: https://arstechnica.com/cars/2026/01/in-car-ai-assistant-coming-to-fords-and-lincolns-in-2027/
18. The distinction between data scientist and AI engineer: https://www.kdnuggets.com/data-scientist-vs-ai-engineer-which-career-should-you-choose-in-2026
19. Can sucking carbon dioxide from the air reduce the climate impact of AI data centres? https://www.theregister.com/2026/01/07/new_carbon_capture_tech/
20. What you can and can't do with AI generated code: https://www.kdnuggets.com/vibe-code-reality-check-what-you-can-actually-build-with-only-ai
21. Some approaches for CIOs to handle the issues raised by AI:  https://www.informationweek.com/it-leadership/2026-cio-trend-from-seat-at-the-table-to-the-ai-hot-seat
22. Some predictions for AI in 2026: https://www.informationweek.com/machine-learning-ai/13-unexpected-under-the-radar-predictions-for-2026
23. Poisoning data sets to prevent stolen AI being used: https://www.theregister.com/2026/01/06/ai_data_pollution_defense/
24. No AI should ever assume that its users have good intentions: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2026/01/grok-assumes-users-seeking-images-of-underage-girls-have-good-intent/

Weekly Review 9 January 2026

Some interesting links that I Tweeted about in the last week (I also post these on Mastodon, Threads, Newsmast, and Bluesky):

1. We should not give AI legal rights: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/dec/30/ai-pull-plug-pioneer-technology-rights
2. While AI continues to guzzle energy, Alphabet is at least investing in clean electricity generation to power its data centres: https://www.hpcwire.com/bigdatawire/2025/12/30/googles-power-play-what-the-4-75b-intersect-acquisition-means-for-the-future-of-ai-infrastructure/
3. Some ways is which AI is likely to develop in 2026: https://techcrunch.com/2026/01/02/in-2026-ai-will-move-from-hype-to-pragmatism/
4. The key features of five different AI web browsers: https://www.kdnuggets.com/the-best-agentic-ai-browsers-to-look-for-in-2026
5. The US army is introducing an AI specialisation role: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/31/us_army_seeking_officers_willing/
6. A lot of the power demands of AI are being met with fossil fuels: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2026/jan/03/just-an-unbelievable-amount-of-pollution-how-big-a-threat-is-ai-to-the-climate
7. World Models are the next big thing in AI: https://www.computerworld.com/article/4106563/after-llms-and-agents-the-next-ai-frontier-video-language-models.html
8. VCs are still betting on continued growth and adoption of AI: https://techcrunch.com/2025/12/29/vcs-predict-strong-enterprise-ai-adoption-next-year-again/
9. A lot of banking jobs are going to go because of AI: https://www.computerworld.com/article/4112389/european-banks-may-lay-off-200000-due-to-ai.html
10. GPU will still be useful when the AI bubble bursts: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/30/how_nvidia_survives_ai_bubble_pop/
11. China issues guidelines to protect the elderly from AI: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/29/asia_tech_news_roundup/
12. China drafts strong rules regarding AI and suicide: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2025/12/china-drafts-worlds-strictest-rules-to-end-ai-encouraged-suicide-violence/
13. Further advances in making AI training more efficient: https://www.computerworld.com/article/4112384/deepseeks-new-method-can-train-ai-more-efficiently-and-cheaply.html
14. Predictions that AI is going to start affecting labour in 2026: https://techcrunch.com/2025/12/31/investors-predict-ai-is-coming-for-labor-in-2026/
15. Embedding AI into the objects in an environment: https://dataconomy.com/2025/12/31/cmu-researchers-develop-self-moving-objects-powered-by-ai/
16. Five changes that enterprises need to make to make the most of AI: https://www.hpcwire.com/bigdatawire/2025/12/31/5-changes-that-will-define-ai-native-enterprises-in-2026/
17. And this is the AI that the Pentagon is going to use: https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/583105/elon-musk-s-grok-under-fire-after-complaints-it-undressed-minors-in-photos
18. Three major areas of AI security flaws: https://www.hpcwire.com/bigdatawire/2025/12/29/2026-ai-security-predictions-the-any-identity-crisis-breach-by-exhaust-the-rise-of-autonomous-adversaries/
19. AI should be used as an assistant for people, not a replacement: https://www.theregister.com/2026/01/02/safe_ceo_interview/
20. AI overviews are giving dangerous health advice: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2026/jan/02/google-ai-overviews-risk-harm-misleading-health-information
21. AI are getting things confidently wrong: https://www.stuff.co.nz/society/360919069/right-question-ask-ai-now-and-unnervingly-qualified-answer-it-gave
22. AI need special training for them to learn arithmetic: https://dataconomy.com/2025/12/30/standard-ai-models-fail-simple-math-without-specialized-training/
23. AI agents are useful, but I don't like the idea of embedding them into an operating system: https://www.techrepublic.com/article/news-microsoft-plan-ai-agents-windows/
24. Five core tensions in an organisation that must be resolved to effectively utilise AI: https://dataconomy.com/2025/12/31/gleans-work-ai-institute-identifies-5-core-ai-tensions/

Weekly Review 2 January 2026

Some interesting links that I Tweeted about in the last week (I also post these on Mastodon, Threads, Newsmast, and Bluesky):

1. Can AI coding agents recreate Minesweeper? https://arstechnica.com/ai/2025/12/the-ars-technica-ai-coding-agent-test-minesweeper-edition/
2. How to prepare for entry-level jobs in the age of AI: https://spectrum.ieee.org/ai-effect-entry-level-jobs
3. Of all the AI that the Pentagon could use, why is it grok? https://dataconomy.com/2025/12/24/why-elon-musks-grok-ai-is-becoming-a-core-tool-for-the-pentagon/
4. AI is weaponising security flaws faster than ever before: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/22/zafran_security_ceo/
5. Giving workers access to more AI doesn't necessarily make them more productive: https://www.informationweek.com/machine-learning-ai/offering-more-ai-tools-can-t-guarantee-better-adoption-so-what-can-
6. AI voice cloning is a gift for extremists: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/dec/21/ai-voice-cloning-nazis-islamic-state-extremism
7. An AI chatbot security flaw is reported..and reported..and kinda gets fixed? https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/24/pentesters_reported_eurostar_chatbot_flaws/
8. Organisational workflows are changing because of AI: https://www.hpcwire.com/bigdatawire/2025/12/23/from-digitalization-to-intelligence-how-ai-is-redefining-enterprise-workflows/
9. Are we willingly becoming slaves to AI? https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/dec/26/ai-dark-ages-enlightenment
10. Rolling out AI support doesn't always make things better: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/23/oracles_new_aienhanced_support_portal/
11. AI projects fail because management isn't ready for them: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/24/reason_ai_isnt_delivering/
12. AI spending is dropping because it doesn't really add a lot of value to businesses: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/24/ai_spending_cooling_off/
13. The pope views AI as a moral as well as a technological issue: https://dataconomy.com/2025/12/25/pope-leo-xiv-prepares-landmark-magnifica-humanitas-encyclical-on-ai/
14. Seven AI models that will run on a Raspberry Pi: https://www.kdnuggets.com/7-tiny-ai-models-for-raspberry-pi
15. When the AI bubble bursts, we might be able to reduce the power of the tech bros: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/dec/23/artificial-intelligence-ai-bubble-bursts-humans-take-back-control
16. An overview of how coding AI work: https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2025/12/how-do-ai-coding-agents-work-we-look-under-the-hood/
17. AI and the post-COVID tech slowdown is resulting in a lot of tech-sector redundancies: https://www.informationweek.com/it-leadership/tech-company-layoffs-the-covid-tech-bubble-bursts-sep-14
18. The growth of AI has made the building and powering of more data centres a public issue: https://techcrunch.com/2025/12/24/the-year-data-centers-went-from-backend-to-center-stage/
19. Using AI to detect whale strandings before they happen: https://www.stuff.co.nz/nz-news/360918173/ai-buoy-gives-rescuers-head-start-golden-bay-whale-strandings
20. I don't think AI is quite up to the task of solving real-world mysteries: https://www.stuff.co.nz/society/360918326/kenny-dale-shame-me-how-ai-came-tantalisingly-close-solving-mystery-old-guitar-and-its-anguished

Weekly Review 26 December 2025

Some interesting links that I Tweeted about in the last week (I also post these on Mastodon, Threads, Newsmast, and Bluesky):

1. AI needs well-structured data, and logical data management can help with that: https://www.hpcwire.com/bigdatawire/2025/12/17/to-unlock-ai-and-cloud-agility-start-with-logical-data-management/
2. How to compensate the artists who created the training data for AI music generators? https://www.theguardian.com/music/2025/dec/16/musicians-are-deeply-concerned-about-ai-so-why-are-the-major-labels-embracing-it
3. Using AI in movies is dangerous territory, according to James Cameron: https://www.stuff.co.nz/culture/360914135/ai-dangerous-territory-james-cameron-says-and-doubts-it-will-create-desirable-movies
4. The energy and water demands of AI continue to climb: https://www.theverge.com/news/845831/ai-chips-data-center-power-water
5. Every MAGA voter's pension is tied to the AI bubble, and Europe is about to pop it: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/dec/17/europe-donald-trump-ai-bubble-us-economy-eu
6. Browser plugins are harvesting your interactions with AI: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/16/chrome_edge_privacy_extensions_quietly/
7. AI, especially grok, continues to spread misinformation: https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/ai-chatbot-grok-misidentified-a-man-who-saved-lives-falsely-claimed-a-victim-staged-his-injuries/SDF6QKFR6NDA3H7HWMOQXML2TU/
8. Using AI doesn't really save workers that much time: https://www.extremetech.com/computing/most-enterprise-ai-users-save-just-an-hour-of-work-per-day
9. The rise of AI is giving more impetus to the idea of a universal basic income: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2025/dec/15/universal-basic-income-ai-andrew-yang
10. More land and more energy is needed for AI data centres. Nuclear power is part of the solution: https://www.hpcwire.com/bigdatawire/2025/12/16/as-ai-scales-for-science-the-doe-turns-to-nuclear-and-federal-land/
11. We can't AI proof our classes, but we can make it harder for students to cheat with it: https://www.insidehighered.com/news/faculty-issues/learning-assessment/2025/12/16/you-cant-ai-proof-classroom-experts-say-get
12. When the AI bubble bursts it's going to cause so much economic damage that some suggest selling your US-based shares before it happens: https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/business/581784/should-you-sell-your-us-shares
13. Cisco now has its own AI models: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/17/cisco_foundation_model_indentity_intelligence/
14. Should competency with AI be a requirement to graduate? https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/17/purdue_require_ai_working_competency/
15. AI summaries of recipes are a danger to food bloggers:  https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/dec/15/google-ai-recipes-food-bloggers
16. There is more and more opposition to the construction of data centres for AI: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/16/datacenter_development_controversy/
17. People need to be adaptable to maintain job security in the age of AI: https://www.informationweek.com/it-leadership/ey-s-joe-depa-on-reckoning-with-ai-or-risk-falling-behind
18. Even the Catholic church sees some value in AI, as well as threats: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/16/bishop_hong_kong_ai/
19. Almost all UK artists reject an opt-out plan that would otherwise allow AI companies to use their work: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/dec/16/boost-for-artists-in-ai-copyright-battle-as-only-3-per-cent-back-uk-active-opt-out-plan
20. Humans write more reliable code than AI: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/17/ai_code_bugs/

Journal Special Issues

Journal special issues with upcoming submission deadlines:

• IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems: Neuromorphic Computing in the Age of Foundation Models - 31 December 2025
• IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence: Disentangled Representation Learning for AI Fairness and Model Training - 31 December 2025
• IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation: Special Issue on Learning-assisted Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary Computation: Theories, Algorithms, and Applications - 31 March 2025
• IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence: Efficient Deep Learning in Resource-Constrained Environments in Computational Intelligence - 31 July 2025

Weekly Review 19 December 2025

Some interesting links that I Tweeted about in the last week (I also post these on Mastodon, Threads, Newsmast, and Bluesky):

1. Don't overhype AI, it'll all work out: https://www.computerworld.com/article/4096297/data-intensity-building-hype-free-ai-culture.html
2. If space-based AI goes ahead, SpaceX is going to be a lot more busy: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/10/aetherflux_space_datacenter_2027/
3. AI will transform the legal profession, but it won't replace lawyers: https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/business-reports/dynamic-business/dynamic-business-russell-mcveagh-ceo-ben-mclaren-on-ai-strategy-risk-and-culture-goals/QIKME5XH45ETBGZHRUALDZQSHA/
4. Most carmaker AI projects are going to go nowhere: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/08/gartner_car_industry_ai/
5. Millions of websites now block AI scraper bots: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/08/publishers_say_no_ai_scrapers/
6. Five browser-based LLM AI you can experiment with: https://www.kdnuggets.com/5-free-tools-to-experiment-with-llms-in-your-browser
7. AI data centres in space seem to have some issues with them, but if it results in a net reduction of the environmental impact of AI I'm in favour: https://www.extremetech.com/energy/galactic-brain-project-promises-ai-data-centers-in-space
8. AI designed antibodies for home testing: https://techcrunch.com/2025/12/10/fertility-startup-inito-wants-to-use-ai-designed-antibodies-to-expand-at-home-health-tests/
9. Instagram is using AI to generate hidden headlines for posts: https://dataconomy.com/2025/12/10/instagram-secretly-generates-ai-headlines-for-user-posts/
10. India wants to charge AI companies for using people's content as training data: https://techcrunch.com/2025/12/09/india-proposes-charging-openai-google-for-training-ai-on-copyrighted-content/
11. Google's AI coding tool wiped out an entire hard drive instead of clearing the cache: https://www.extremetech.com/computing/googles-ai-coding-tool-wiped-a-users-entire-hard-drive
12. People need to take AI security seriously: https://www.informationweek.com/cybersecurity/it-s-time-to-revamp-it-security-to-deal-with-ai
13. Most AI projects fail because of a lack of leadership, not a failure of technology: https://dataconomy.com/2025/12/10/why-84-percent-of-ai-projects-fail-and-its-not-the-technology/
14. Model distillation is a way of reducing the size of AI: https://www.kdnuggets.com/why-model-distillation-is-becoming-the-most-important-technique-in-production-ai
15. This company is using AI to do market research: https://techcrunch.com/2025/12/09/cashew-research-is-going-after-the-90b-market-research-industry-with-ai/
16. Google's use of YouTube content to train its AI, while banning others from doing the same, is causing them regulatory problems: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/09/eu_google_ai_antitrust/
17. The move towards standardisation of AI agents: https://arstechnica.com/ai/2025/12/big-tech-joins-forces-with-linux-foundation-to-standardize-ai-agents/
18. Support systems for British youth are so broken they are turning to AI instead: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/dec/09/teenagers-ai-chatbots-mental-health-support
19. Neuromorphic hardware isn't a new idea, but it could potentially slash the energy requirements of AI: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/08/unconventional_ai/
20. The lack of guardrails around AI agents has been holding them back in the workplace: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/09/okta_agent_control/
21. Microsoft is cutting its AI sales targets because people really don't want to use Copilot: https://www.extremetech.com/computing/microsoft-scales-back-ai-goals-because-almost-nobody-is-using-copilot
22. Retailers are changing how they present their products to make them more appealing to AI: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2025/dec/10/is-retail-ready-for-ai-shaking-up-how-we-shop
23. $1.6 T is planned to be spent on building data centres for AI: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/09/omdia_datacenter_capex/
24. AI is changing corporate finance: https://www.informationweek.com/machine-learning-ai/3-erp-experts-on-ai-s-impact-on-finance-why-finance-will-never-be-the-same

IEEE Transactions on Games, Volume 17, Issue 4, December 2025

1) A Survey on the Development of Human-Centered Artificial Agents for Fighting Games

Author(s): Martinho Tavares, João M. Carvalho, Armando J. Pinho

Pages: 839 - 858

2) Rediscovering the Past: Serious Games for Archaeology

Author(s): Vittorio Murtas, Vincenzo Lombardo

Pages: 859 - 872

3) A Comprehensive Review of Multiagent Reinforcement Learning in Video Games

Author(s): Zhengyang Li, Qijin Ji, Xinghong Ling, Quan Liu

Pages: 873 - 892

4) Gamifying Cultural Immersion: Virtual Reality and Mixed Reality in City Heritage

Author(s): Filippo Sanfilippo, Marius Tataru, Minh Tuan Hua, Inge Johan Straumsøy Johansson, Diana Andone

Pages: 893 - 911

5) Combining Tree Search With Value Prediction Models Capable of Estimating Their Uncertainty

Author(s): Maciej Świechowski

Pages: 912 - 922

6) From Generation to Gameplay: Authoring Race Tracks With Repulsive Curves

Author(s): Lasse Henrich, Falko Kötter

Pages: 923 - 932

7) Harnessing Language for Coordination: A Framework and Benchmark for LLM-Driven Multiagent Control

Author(s): Timothée Anne, Noah Syrkis, Meriem Elhosni, Florian Turati, Franck Legendre, Alain Jaquier, Sebastian Risi

Pages: 933 - 943

8) Ten-Scenarios of Tablet-Based Virtual Environment Game for Instrumental Activities of Daily Living in iRBD Patients

Author(s): Jaehwan You, Jiwoong Heo, Jun-Sang Sunwoo, Ki-Young Jung, Kwanguk Kim

Pages: 944 - 953

9) AutoGT: Automatic Generation of Game Trees for Algorithm Benchmarking

Author(s): Jan Karwowski, Maciej Świechowski, Jacek Mańdziuk

Pages: 954 - 964

10) The Game Boy Learning Environment

Author(s): Edoardo Fazzari, Donato Romano, Fabrizio Falchi, Cesare Stefanini

Pages: 965 - 974

11) Exp3.P-Based Autonomous Decision Algorithm Against Nonstationary Opponents With Partially Known Policies

Author(s): Jin Zhu, Chunhui Du, Jiacheng Chen, Lei Huang, Geir E. Dullerud

Pages: 975 - 988

12) PandaSkill—Player Performance and Skill Rating in Esports: Application to League of Legends

Author(s): Maxime De Bois, Flora Parmentier, Raphaël Puget, Matthew Tanti, Jordan Peltier

Pages: 989 - 1002

13) A Modular Framework for Automated Evaluation of Procedural Content Generation in Serious Games With Deep Reinforcement Learning Agents

Author(s): Eleftherios Kalafatis, Konstantinos Mitsis, Konstantia Zarkogianni, Maria Athanasiou, Konstantina Nikita

Pages: 1003 - 1012

14) Novelty in Monte Carlo Tree Search

Author(s): Hendrik Baier, Michael Kaisers

Pages: 1013 - 1023

15) A Novel BS-UCT Algorithm With Deep Reinforcement Learning for the Game EWN

Author(s): Wenzhong Xu, Zhuoxuan Li, Yiding Cao, Xinli Shi, Jinde Cao

Pages: 1024 - 1034

16) Exploring Emotional Intelligence Across Job Roles in Video Game Development Teams

Author(s): Stefano Lambiase

Pages: 1035 - 1045

17) Human-Like Bots for Tactical Shooters Using Compute-Efficient Sensors

Author(s): Niels Justesen, Maria Kaselimi, Sam Snodgrass, Miruna Vozaru, Matthew Schlegel, Jonas Wingren, Gabriella A. B. Barros, Tobias Mahlmann, Shyam Sudhakaran, Wesley Kerr, Albert Wang, Christoffer Holmgård, Georgios N. Yannakakis, Sebastian Risi, Julian Togelius

Pages: 1046 - 1059

18) Evaluating a VR Game Featuring Optical Illusion Challenges: A Study on Workload, VR Sickness, and User Experience

Author(s): Louis Nisiotis, Konstantinos Elia

Pages: 1060 - 1069

19) Formal Modeling and Analysis of Slot Machines

Author(s): Jan Friso Groote, Sander van Heesch, Matthias Volk

Pages: 1070 - 1083

20) Seamless Tutorial: Contextual State Transition Generation Based on Player Internal Knowledge

Author(s): In-Chang Baek, Taehwa Park, Kyung-Joong Kim

Pages: 1084 - 1097

21) Personality Assessment System Using Artificial Intelligence in a Game Environment

Author(s): Georgios Liapis, Ioannis Vlahavas

Pages: 1098 - 1111

22) Crafting Usability in Neuro-Narrative Games: The Joint Influence of Imagery Perspectives and Task Sequences in BCI–VR System

Author(s): Annan Lu, Mengjie Huang, Kai-Lun Liao, Zhige Chen, Rui Yang

Pages: 1112 - 1124

23) LLM-Integrated VR NPCs to Support Social Presence and Engagement in a Viking Museum

Author(s): Markus Brøndberg Nielsen, Mathias Øgaard Brams Niebuhr, Rasmus Kanne Mikkelsen, Rasmus Odgaard, Ivan Nikolov

Pages: 1125 - 1134

IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems, Volume 17, Issue 6, December 2025

1) CLARE: Cognitive Load Assessment in Real-Time With Multimodal Data

Author(s): Anubhav Bhatti, Prithila Angkan, Behnam Behinaein, Zunayed Mahmud, Dirk Rodenburg, Heather Braund, P. James Mclellan, Aaron Ruberto, Geoffery Harrison, Daryl Wilson, Adam Szulewski, Dan Howes, Ali Etemad, Paul Hungler

Pages: 1337 - 1349

2) Electroencephalogram-Based Unified Approach for Multiple Neurodevelopmental Disorders Detection in Children Using Successive Multivariate Variational Mode Decomposition

Author(s): Ujjawal Chandela, Kazi Newaj Faisal, Rishi Raj Sharma

Pages: 1350 - 1359

3) AVTENet: A Human-Cognition-Inspired Audio-Visual Transformer-Based Ensemble Network for Video Deepfake Detection

Author(s): Ammarah Hashmi, Sahibzada Adil Shahzad, Chia Wen Lin, Yu Tsao, Hsin-Min Wang

Pages: 1360 - 1376

4) Improve Knowledge Distillation via Label Revision and Data Selection

Author(s): Weichao Lan, Yiu-ming Cheung, Qing Xu, Buhua Liu, Zhikai Hu, Mengke Li, Zhenghua Chen

Pages: 1377 - 1388

5) Multiscale Convolutional Transformer With Diverse-Aware Feature Learning for Motor Imagery EEG Decoding

Author(s): Wenlong Hang, Junliang Wang, Shuang Liang, Baiying Lei, Qiong Wang, Guanglin Li, Badong Chen, Jing Qin

Pages: 1389 - 1400

6) Evaluating the Tradeoff Between Analogical Reasoning Ability and Efficiency in Large Language Models

Author(s): Kara L. Combs, Isaiah Goble, Spencer V. Howlett, Yuki B. Adams, Trevor J. Bihl

Pages: 1401 - 1410

7) Self-Supervised Hyperbolic Spectro-Temporal Graph Convolution Network for Early 3-D Behavior Prediction

Author(s): Peng Liu, Qin Lai, Haibo Li, Chong Zhao, Qicong Wang, Hongying Meng

Pages: 1411 - 1425

8) Optimizing Representation for Abstractive Multidocument Summarization Based on Adversarial Learning Strategy

Author(s): Bin Cao, Xinxin Guan, Songlin Bao, Jiawei Wu, Jing Fan

Pages: 1426 - 1435

9) Delving Deeper Into Astromorphic Transformers

Author(s): Md Zesun Ahmed Mia, Malyaban Bal, Abhronil Sengupta

Pages: 1436 - 1446

10) A Unified Physiological Signal Interaction Network for Cross-Dataset Emotion Recognition

Author(s): Zhipeng Cai, Hongxiang Gao, Min Wu, Jianqing Li, Chengyu Liu

Pages: 1447 - 1460

11) Exploring Grounding Abilities in Vision-Language Models Through Contextual Perception

Author(s): Wei Xu, Tianfei Zhou, Taoyuan Zhang, Jie Li, Peiyin Chen, Jia Pan, Xiaofeng Liu

Pages: 1461 - 1473

12) Feature and Semantic Matching Multisource Domain Adaptation for Diagnostic Classification of Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Author(s): Minghao Dai, Jianpo Su, Zhipeng Fan, Chenyu Wang, Limin Peng, Dewen Hu, Ling-Li Zeng

Pages: 1474 - 1487

13) SSTFormer: Bridging Spiking Neural Network and Memory Support Transformer for Frame-Event Based-Recognition

Author(s): Xiao Wang, Yao Rong, Zongzhen Wu, Lin Zhu, Bo Jiang, Jin Tang, Yonghong Tian

Pages: 1488 - 1502

14) H-GRAIL: A Robotic Motivational Architecture to Tackle Open-Ended Learning Challenges

Author(s): Alejandro Romero, Gianluca Baldassarre, Richard J. Duro, Vieri Giuliano Santucci

Pages: 1503 - 1519

15) Hybrid Actor–Critic for Physically Heterogeneous Multiagent Reinforcement Learning

Author(s): Tianyi Hu, Zhiqiang Pu, Xiaolin Ai, Tenghai Qiu, Yanyan Liang, Jianqiang Yi

Pages: 1520 - 1535

16) GoMIC: Enhancing Efficient Collaboration in Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Through Group-Specific Mutual Information

Author(s): Jichao Wang, Yi Li, Yichun Li, Shuai Mao, Zhaoyang Dong, Yang Tang

Pages: 1536 - 1547

17) Self-Supervised Object Pose Estimation With Multitask Learning

Author(s): Dinh-Cuong Hoang, Phan Xuan Tan, Ta Huu Anh Duong, Tuan-Minh Huynh, Duc-Manh Nguyen, Anh-Nhat Nguyen, Duc-Long Pham, Van-Duc Vu, Thu-Uyen Nguyen, Ngoc-Anh Hoang, Khanh-Toan Phan, Duc-Thanh Tran, Van-Thiep Nguyen, Ngoc-Trung Ho, Cong-Trinh Tran, Van-Hiep Duong

Pages: 1548 - 1564

Weekly Review 12 December 2025

Some interesting links that I Tweeted about in the last week (I also post these on Mastodon, Threads, Newsmast, and Bluesky):

1. AI is already being used as a tool of repression: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/03/aspi_china_ai_report/
2. Should we allow AI to train itself? https://www.theguardian.com/technology/ng-interactive/2025/dec/02/jared-kaplan-artificial-intelligence-train-itself
3. AI are still vulnerable to prompt injection attacks, even sentence structure is a threat: https://arstechnica.com/ai/2025/12/syntax-hacking-researchers-discover-sentence-structure-can-bypass-ai-safety-rules/
4. The reasoning process used by current AI cannot be trusted: https://spectrum.ieee.org/ai-reasoning-failures
5. Even a six-year-old child can use AI to generate stories: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/03/ai_has_made_ip_violations/
6. The workers who build data centres are cashing in on the AI boom: https://techcrunch.com/2025/12/01/construction-workers-are-cashing-in-on-the-ai-boom/
7. AI powered devices are a solution looking for a problem: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/04/logitech_chief_ai/
8. So far humans are still better than AI at customer service: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/03/john_henry_ai_customer_service/
9. Workers in white-collar, knowledge-intensive fields are the ones most likely to be replaced by AI: https://dataconomy.com/2025/12/02/mit-ai-capability-outpaces-current-adoption-by-five-times/
10. Microsoft is not making its AI sales targets: https://arstechnica.com/ai/2025/12/microsoft-slashes-ai-sales-growth-targets-as-customers-resist-unproven-agents/
11. Training AI on pirated books leads to a payout for authors: https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/business/580661/nz-authors-among-global-payout-out-after-ai-chatbot-trained-on-pirated-books
12. The number of papers in AI, often generated by AI, is overwhelming conferences: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/dec/06/ai-research-papers
13. AI is not ready to be embedded into operating systems: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/02/agentic_os_opinion/
14. More AI coding agents: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/02/aws_kiro_devops_coding_agents/
15. All AI will hallucinate, Microsoft's is no different: https://www.extremetech.com/computing/microsoft-says-windows-11s-agentic-ai-can-hallucinate
16. We're not measuring AI the right way: https://spectrum.ieee.org/melanie-mitchell
17. Another day, another lawsuit against an AI company: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/dec/05/new-york-times-perplexity-ai-lawsuit
18. Failed AI projects leave behind a lot of mess: https://www.computerworld.com/article/4096138/the-cost-of-abandoned-genai-projects-garbage-code-orphan-apps-and-security-issues.html
19. AI data centres in Australia are going to use huge amounts of water, in a country that is always short of water: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/dec/04/thirsty-work-how-the-rise-of-massive-datacentres-strains-australias-drinking-water-supply
20. Bad actors are using AI generated videos of real doctors to shill their junk health products: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2025/dec/05/ai-deepfakes-of-real-doctors-spreading-health-misinformation-on-social-media
21. Investors aren't just picking winners in AI, they are making winners with their investment strategies: https://techcrunch.com/2025/12/03/vcs-deploy-kingmaking-strategy-to-crown-ai-winners-in-their-infancy/
22. A first attempt at quantifying the AI agent population: https://www.computerworld.com/article/4100257/mit-creates-an-ai-labor-index-as-agents-invade-human-economies.html
23. Amazon makes it easier to make your own AI: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/03/amazon_enterprise_ai_walled_garden/
24. Do we trust Palantir to put their hooks into every layer of the AI data centre? https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/04/palantir_chain_reaction/
25. AWS' AI security agent: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/02/aws_security_agent_ai/
26. How different is AI generated music to the crap churned out by manufactured human groups? https://www.computerworld.com/article/4101855/who-should-listen-to-ai-music.html
27. New Zealand is an informal society. The last university lecturer who got too uptight about how they were addressed in an email did not have a good ending either: https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/wellington/victoria-university-condemns-lecturer-for-saying-she-ignores-student-emails-that-start-with-hey/MVA3UYBOEFFDXO37SCSOX3VH5U/

IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, Volume 36, Issue 12, December 2025

1) A Novel Approach for Perceptions of Physician Decision-Making and Latent Topic Refinement in Large Language Model-Enhanced Medical Dialog Generation

Author(s): Jinli Zhang, Junzhe Jiang, Fenglong Ma, Zongli Jiang, Qi Tan, Yongcheng Zhou

Pages: 19974 - 19985

2) Segment Any Cell: A SAM-Based Auto-Prompting Fine-Tuning Framework for Nuclei Segmentation

Author(s): Saiyang Na, Yuzhi Guo, Feng Jiang, Hehuan Ma, Jean Gao, Junzhou Huang

Pages: 19986 - 19995

3) MBUNeXt: Multibranch Encoder Aggregation Network Based on Layer-Fusion Strategy for Multimodal Brain Tumor Segmentation

Author(s): Qinghao Liu, Yuehao Zhu, Min Liu, Zhao Yao, Yaonan Wang, Erik Meijering

Pages: 19996 - 20008

4) Bidirectional Multiscale Efficient Dilated Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network Improved by Swarm Intelligence Optimization

Author(s): Qinwei Fan, Shuai Zhao, Jacek M. Zurada, Tingwen Huang, Xiaolong Qin, Rui Zhang

Pages: 20009 - 20023

5) A Bioinspired Deep Learning Framework for Saliency-Based Image Quality Assessment

Author(s): Huasheng Wang, Yueran Ma, Hongchen Tan, Xiaochang Liu, Ying Chen, Hantao Liu

Pages: 20024 - 20034

6) Conv4Rec: A 1-by-1 Convolutional Autoencoder for User Profiling Through Joint Analysis of Implicit and Explicit Feedback

Author(s): Antoine Ledent, Petr Kasalický, Rodrigo Alves, Hady W. Lauw

Pages: 20035 - 20049

7) Hyperbolic Hierarchical Representation Learning for Generalized Category Discovery

Author(s): Yu Duan, Feiping Nie, Huimin Chen, Zhanxuan Hu, Rong Wang, Xuelong Li

Pages: 20050 - 20064

8) Strategic Evolutionary Reinforcement Learning With Operator Selection and Experience Filter

Author(s): Kaitong Zheng, Ya-Hui Jia, Kejiang Ye, Wei-Neng Chen

Pages: 20065 - 20079

9) CRL: An Efficient Autonomous Exploration Framework for Large-Scale Environments With Contrastive-Driven Reinforcement Learning

Author(s): Benke Gao, Hao Chen, Quan Liu, Hanqiang Deng, Jian Huang, Yan-Jun Liu

Pages: 20080 - 20091

10) Surfer: A World Model-Based Framework for Vision-Language Robot Manipulation

Author(s): Pengzhen Ren, Kaidong Zhang, Hetao Zheng, Zixuan Li, Yuhang Wen, Fengda Zhu, Shikui Ma, Xiaodan Liang

Pages: 20092 - 20104

11) When to Align: Dynamic Behavior Consistency for Multiagent Systems via Intrinsic Rewards

Author(s): Kunyang Lin, Yufeng Wang, Peihao Chen, Runhao Zeng, Yinjie Lei, Siyuan Zhou, Qing Du, Mingkui Tan, Chuang Gan

Pages: 20105 - 20119

12) Satellite Pose Set Estimation by Uncertainty-Guided Conformal Keypoint Detection

Author(s): Jinghao Wang, Zhang Li, Cong Sun, Yulan Guo, Zi Wang, Qifeng Yu

Pages: 20120 - 20132

13) Soft Sensing for Time Series With Irregular Sampling Internals Based on a Denoising Interval Attention LSTM Network

Author(s): Yuchen He, Xueqin Yang, Lijuan Qian, Le Yao, Lingjian Ye, Ping Wu, Gangyue Ye, Weirong Ye, Yafang Shen

Pages: 20133 - 20145

14) Regret Minimization in Population Network Games: Vanishing Heterogeneity and Convergence to Equilibria

Author(s): Die Hu, Shuyue Hu, Chunjiang Mu, Shiqi Fan, Chen Chu, Jinzhuo Liu, Zhen Wang

Pages: 20146 - 20156

15) Adaptive Learning Rate Methods for Complex-Valued Neural Networks

Author(s): Kayol S. Mayer, Jonathan A. Soares, Ariadne A. Cruz, Dalton S. Arantes

Pages: 20157 - 20170

16) DLCNN: A Deep Logic Convolutional Network for Interpretable Fault Diagnosis of Hoist Mechanism on Ship-to-Shore Cranes

Author(s): Xiaoqiang Liao, Dong Wang, Xinguo Ming, Min Xia

Pages: 20171 - 20183

17) DA-PFL: Dynamic Affinity Aggregation in Personalized Federated Learning Under Class Imbalance

Author(s): Xu Yang, Jiyuan Feng, Yongxin Tong, Lingzhi Wang, Songyue Guo, Binxing Fang, Qing Liao

Pages: 20184 - 20198

18) Generalizable Offline Multiobjective Reinforcement Learning via Preference-Conditioned Diffuser

Author(s): Yuchen Xiao, Lei Yuan, Lihe Li, Ziqian Zhang, Yichen Li, Yang Yu

Pages: 20199 - 20213

19) Geometric Deep Learning for the Rubik’s Cube Group

Author(s): Martin Krutský, Gustav Šír

Pages: 20214 - 20228

20) IRPruneDeXt: Efficient Infrared Small Target Detection via Musical Wavelet-Regularized Channel Pruning

Author(s): Mingjin Zhang, Jin Feng, Handi Yang, Jie Guo, Yunsong Li, Xinbo Gao

Pages: 20229 - 20242

21) Advancing Generalization in PINNs Through Latent-Space Representations

Author(s): Honghui Wang, Yifan Pu, Shiji Song, Gao Huang

Pages: 20243 - 20257

22) REaMA: Building Biomedical Relation Extraction Specialized Large Language Models Through Instruction Tuning

Author(s): Yidan Zhang, Junlin Yu, Guobo Li, Zhenan He, Gary G. Yen

Pages: 20258 - 20272

23) Progressive Structure Preservation and Detail Refinement for Remote Sensing Single-Image Super-Resolution

Author(s): Wei-Yen Hsu, Shih-Hao Huang

Pages: 20273 - 20287

24) DDCNet: Advanced Decoupling of Degradation and Content for Adverse Weather Image Restoration

Author(s): Xi Wang, Xueyang Fu, Yurui Zhu, Zheng-Jun Zha

Pages: 20288 - 20301

25) Joint Trajectory Replanning for Mars Ascent Vehicle Under Propulsion System Faults: A Suboptimal Learning-Based Warm-Start Approach

Author(s): Kun Li, Guangtao Ran, Yanning Guo, Ju H. Park, Yao Zhang

Pages: 20302 - 20314

26) Extrapolation Convolution for Data Prediction on a 2-D Grid: Bridging Spatial and Frequency Domains With Applications in Image Outpainting and Compressed Sensing

Author(s): Vazim Ibrahim, Faouzi Alaya Cheikh, Vijayan K. Asari, Joseph Suresh Paul

Pages: 20315 - 20327

27) Constraint-Driven Causal Representation Learning for Vigilance Robust Estimation in Brain–Computer Interface

Author(s): Xuan Zhang, Wang Zheng, Zhigang Li, Yi Yang, Weijia Liu, Hongxin Cai, Junru Zhu, Jingyu Liu, Bin Hu, Qunxi Dong

Pages: 20328 - 20342

28) ReCL: A Plug-and-Play Module for Enhancing Generalized Category Discovery Using Transport-Based Method to Uncover the Relationship in Samples

Author(s): Pinzhuo Tian, Qiubo Ma, Hang Yu, Jie Lu

Pages: 20343 - 20356

29) Robust Multivariate Time Series Forecasting Against Intraseries and Interseries Transitional Shift

Author(s): Hui He, Qi Zhang, Kun Yi, Xiaojun Xue, Shoujin Wang, Liang Hu, Longbing Cao

Pages: 20357 - 20370

30) Event-Triggered Mixed Nonzero-Sum Game Optimal Control for Modular Robotic Manipulator Performing Coordinated Operation Tasks

Author(s): Tianjiao An, Xiaogang Dong, Bo Dong, Hucheng Jiang, Lei Liu, Bing Ma

Pages: 20371 - 20385

31) Information-State-Based Reinforcement Learning for the Control of Partially Observed Nonlinear Systems

Author(s): Raman Goyal, Mohamed Naveed Gul Mohamed, Ran Wang, Aayushman Sharma, Suman Chakravorty

Pages: 20386 - 20400

32) Toward the Extension and Enhanced Representation for Ambiguous Query With Search Heterogeneous Graph Learning

Author(s): Youli Fang, Guosun Zeng

Pages: 20401 - 20415

33) Knowledge-GPT Guided Generalizable Reinforcement Learning for Intelligent Emergency Generator Tripping in Power System

Author(s): Bing Wang, Tianjing Wang, Yong Tang, Yanhao Huang

Pages: 20416 - 20428

34) Continual Diffuser (CoD): Mastering Continual Offline RL With Experience Rehearsal

Author(s): Jifeng Hu, Li Shen, Sili Huang, Zhejian Yang, Hechang Chen, Lichao Sun, Yi Chang, Dacheng Tao

Pages: 20429 - 20443

35) Observer-Based Event-Triggered Fault-Tolerant Synchronization for Memristive Neural Networks Subject to Multiple Failures

Author(s): Mingxin Wang, Song Zhu, Xiaoyang Liu, Shiping Wen, Chaoxu Mu

Pages: 20444 - 20456

36) Attribute Prompt Alignment Network for Zero-Shot Learning

Author(s): Guo-Sen Xie, Junyi Li, Ting Guo, Xiangbo Shu, Fang Zhao, Zheng Zhang, Ling Shao

Pages: 20457 - 20463

37) A Fast Wang kWTA With Application in Sealed-Bid Uniform Price Auction

Author(s): John Sum, Chi-Sing Leung, Janet Chun-Chi Chang

Pages: 20464 - 20469

IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, Volume 29, Issue 6, December 2025

1) An Enhanced Differential Grouping Method for Large-Scale Overlapping Problems

Author(s): Maojiang Tian, Mingke Chen, Wei Du, Yang Tang, Yaochu Jin

Pages: 2272 - 2286

2) An Evolutionary Multitasking Memetic Algorithm for Multiobjective Distributed Heterogeneous Welding Flow Shop Scheduling

Author(s): Rui Li, Ling Wang, Wenyin Gong, Fei Ming

Pages: 2287 - 2298

3) DP-FSAEA: Differential Privacy for Federated Surrogate-Assisted Evolutionary Algorithms

Author(s): Yuping Yan, Xilu Wang, Péter Ligeti, Yaochu Jin

Pages: 2299 - 2312

4) A Tree-Based Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithm for Energy-Efficient Hybrid Flow-Shop Scheduling

Author(s): Yi-Jian Wang, Gai-Ge Wang, Ling Wang

Pages: 2313 - 2327

5) Neural Network-Based Dimensionality Reduction for Large-Scale Binary Optimization With Millions of Variables

Author(s): Ye Tian, Luchen Wang, Shangshang Yang, Jinliang Ding, Yaochu Jin, Xingyi Zhang

Pages: 2328 - 2342

6) A Coevolutionary Algorithm With Detection and Supervision Strategies for Constrained Multiobjective Optimization

Author(s): Shaoning Liu, Jian Feng, Shengxiang Yang, Jun Zheng, Qi Xiao

Pages: 2343 - 2356

7) A Multistage Expensive Constrained Multiobjective Optimization Algorithm Based on Ensemble Infill Criterion

Author(s): Haofeng Wu, Qingda Chen, Jiaxin Chen, Yaochu Jin, Jinliang Ding, Xingyi Zhang, Tianyou Chai

Pages: 2357 - 2371

8) Fairness-Aware Multiobjective Evolutionary Learning

Author(s): Qingquan Zhang, Jialin Liu, Xin Yao

Pages: 2372 - 2385

9) History-Assisted Two-State Auxiliary Task Collaboration Approach for Dynamic Constrained Multiobjective Optimization

Author(s): Dezheng Zhang, Kunjie Yu, Jing Liang, Kangjia Qiao, Boyang Qu, Ke Chen, Caitong Yue, Ling Wang

Pages: 2386 - 2400

10) Distilling Ensemble Surrogates for Federated Data-Driven Many-Task Optimization

Author(s): Xilu Wang, Yaochu Jin

Pages: 2401 - 2415

11) Surrogate-Assisted Search With Competitive Knowledge Transfer for Expensive Optimization

Author(s): Xiaoming Xue, Yao Hu, Liang Feng, Kai Zhang, Linqi Song, Kay Chen Tan

Pages: 2416 - 2430

12) An Evolutionary Multiobjective Neural Architecture Search Approach to Advancing Cognitive Diagnosis in Intelligent Education

Author(s): Shangshang Yang, Haiping Ma, Ying Bi, Ye Tian, Limiao Zhang, Yaochu Jin, Xingyi Zhang

Pages: 2431 - 2445

13) Effective Identification of Lower-Level Optimal Solutions via Discriminator of Conditional Generative Adversarial Network

Author(s): Weizhong Wang, Hai-Lin Liu, Kay Chen Tan

Pages: 2446 - 2460

14) Knowledge Transfer Driven Distributed Memetic Architecture and Algorithm for Distributed Differentiation Flowshop Integrated Scheduling

Author(s): Guanghui Zhang, Juan Wang, Qianlong Dang, Ling Wang, Chenxin Dong

Pages: 2461 - 2475

15) An Evolutionary Algorithm for Solving Large-Scale Robust Multiobjective Optimization Problems

Author(s): Shuai Shao, Ye Tian, Limiao Zhang, Kay Chen Tan, Xingyi Zhang

Pages: 2476 - 2490

16) A Hierarchical and Ensemble Surrogate-Assisted Evolutionary Algorithm With Model Reduction for Expensive Many-Objective Optimization

Author(s): Qi-Te Yang, Jian-Yu Li, Zhi-Hui Zhan, Yunliang Jiang, Yaochu Jin, Jun Zhang

Pages: 2491 - 2505

17) DPP-HSS: Toward Fast and Scalable Hypervolume Subset Selection for Many-Objective Optimization

Author(s): Cheng Gong, Yang Nan, Ke Shang, Ping Guo, Hisao Ishibuchi, Qingfu Zhang

Pages: 2506 - 2520

18) A Thompson Sampling-Based Sparse Evolutionary Operator for Sparse Large-Scale Multiobjective Optimization

Author(s): Sheng Qi, Rui Wang, Tao Zhang, Weixiong Huang, Feng Qing, Tao Hu, Ling Wang

Pages: 2521 - 2536

19) Evolutionary Multitasking With Adaptive Knowledge Transfer for Expensive Multiobjective Optimization

Author(s): Xunfeng Wu, Songbai Liu, Qiuzhen Lin, Kay Chen Tan, Victor C. M. Leung

Pages: 2537 - 2551

20) Multiform Differential Evolution With Elite-Guided Knowledge Transfer for Coal Mine Integrated Energy Systems Constrained Dispatch

Author(s): Canyun Dai, Xiaoyan Sun, Hejuan Hu, Wei Song, Yong Zhang, Dunwei Gong

Pages: 2552 - 2566

21) Transfer-Based Customized Bus Network Design With Holding Control and Heterogeneous Fleet

Author(s): Yuwei Zhao, Ziyan Feng, Xiang Li

Pages: 2567 - 2581

22) A Sparsity Knowledge Transfer-Based Evolutionary Algorithm for Large-Scale Multitasking Multiobjective Optimization

Author(s): Chengming Wu, Ye Tian, Limiao Zhang, Xiaoshu Xiang, Xingyi Zhang

Pages: 2582 - 2595

23) nLKH-ACS: A Niching Lin-Kernighan–Helsgaun-Based Ant Colony System for Multisolution Traveling Salesman Problems

Author(s): Ting Huang, Zhen-Quan Zhang, Yue-Jiao Gong, Jing Liu

Pages: 2596 - 2610

24) Multilevel and Multisegment Learning Multitask Optimization via a Niching Method

Author(s): Zhao-Feng Xue, Zi-Jia Wang, Yi Jiang, Zhi-Hui Zhan, Sam Kwong, Jun Zhang

Pages: 2611 - 2625

25) Surrogate-Assisted Neighborhood Search With Only a Few Weight Vectors for Expensive Large-Scale Multiobjective Binary Optimization

Author(s): Haoran Gu, Handing Wang, Yi Mei, Mengjie Zhang, Yaochu Jin

Pages: 2626 - 2640

26) DG-SMOTE: A Distance-Angle-Based Genetic Synthetic Minority Over-Sampling Technique for Unbalanced Data Learning

Author(s): Wenbin Pei, Yuyang Cui, Bing Xue, Mengjie Zhang, Jiqing Zhang, Yaqing Hou, Guangyu Zou, Qiang Zhang

Pages: 2641 - 2655

27) A Distribution Information-Based Kriging-Assisted Evolutionary Algorithm for Expensive Many-Objective Optimization Problems

Author(s): Zhiyao Zhang, Yong Wang, Guangyong Sun, Tong Pang

Pages: 2656 - 2670

28) Genetic Programming With Multifidelity Surrogates for Large-Scale Dynamic Air Traffic Flow Management

Author(s): Tong Guo, Yi Mei, Mengjie Zhang, Ruofei Sun, Yanbo Zhu, Wenbo Du

Pages: 2671 - 2685

29) Matrix and Learning-Assisted Distributed Dual-Space Memetic Algorithm for Customized Distributed Blocking Flowshop Scheduling Problem

Author(s): Guanghui Zhang, Juan Wang, Lijie Zhang, Qianlong Dang, Ling Wang, Keyi Xing

Pages: 2686 - 2699

30) An Evolutionary Algorithm Based on CMSA for Rooted Max Tree Coverage

Author(s): Jiang Zhou, Peng Zhang

Pages: 2700 - 2714

31) A Multiform Many-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm for Multilabel Feature Selection in Classification

Author(s): Emrah Hancer, Bing Xue, Mengjie Zhang

Pages: 2715 - 2728

32) Affinity Propagation Hierarchical Memetic Algorithm for Multimodal Multiobjective Flexible Job Shop Scheduling With Variable Speed

Author(s): Cong Luo, Xinyu Li, Wenyin Gong, Liang Gao

Pages: 2729 - 2741

33) Fitness Landscape Optimization Makes Stochastic Symbolic Search by Genetic Programming Easier

Author(s): Zhixing Huang, Yi Mei, Fangfang Zhang, Mengjie Zhang, Wolfgang Banzhaf

Pages: 2742 - 2756

34) Evolutionary Competitive Multiobjective Multitasking: One-Pass Optimization of Heterogeneous Pareto Solutions

Author(s): Yanchi Li, Xinyi Wu, Wenyin Gong, Meng Xu, Yubo Wang, Qiong Gu

Pages: 2757 - 2770

35) Constraint-Pareto Dominance and Diversity Enhancement Strategy-Based Evolutionary Algorithm for Solving Constrained Multiobjective Optimization Problems

Author(s): Zhe Liu, Fei Han, Qinghua Ling, Henry Han, Jing Jiang

Pages: 2771 - 2784

36) Problem Decomposition Strategies and Credit Distribution Mechanisms in Modular Genetic Programming for Supervised Learning

Author(s): Lino Rodriguez-Coayahuitl, Ansel Y. Rodríguez-González, Daniel Fajardo-Delgado, Maria Guadalupe Sánchez Cervantes

Pages: 2785 - 2803

37) Multitask Multiscale Feature Selection for Point Cloud Registration

Author(s): Yue Wu, Chuang Luo, Maoguo Gong, Hangqi Ding, Jinlong Sheng, Qiguang Miao, Hao Li, Wenping Ma, Hao He

Pages: 2804 - 2818

38) Multiagent Evolution Strategy With Cooperative and Cumulative Step Adaptation for Black-Box Distributed Optimization

Author(s): Tai-You Chen, Wei-Neng Chen, Jin-Kao Hao, Yang Wang, Jun Zhang

Pages: 2819 - 2833

39) A Joint-Encoding Evolutionary Algorithm for Multimodal Multiobjective Feature Selection in Classification

Author(s): Jing Liang, Junting Yang, Caitong Yue, Ying Bi, Kunjie Yu, Boyang Qu, Yuyang Zhang, Mengmeng Li

Pages: 2834 - 2848

IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, Volume 33, Issue 12, December 2025

1) Fuzzy Superposition Operation and Knowledge-Driven Coevolutionary Algorithm for Integrated Production Scheduling and Vehicle Routing Problem With Soft Time Windows and Fuzzy Travel Times

Author(s): Ming Huang, Sihan Huang, Baigang Du, Jun Guo, Yibing Li

Pages: 4152 - 4166

2) Linguistic Pattern-Based Facility Layout Optimization in Designing Sustainable Manufacturing Systems

Author(s): Jerzy Grobelny, Rafał Michalski

Pages: 4167 - 4179

3) A Hybrid Framework Integrating LLM and ANFIS for Explainable Fact-Checking

Author(s): Micaela Lucia Bangerter, Giuseppe Fenza, Domenico Furno, Mariacristina Gallo, Vincenzo Loia, Claudio Stanzione, Ilsun You

Pages: 4180 - 4189

4) Optimized Sustainable Manufacturing Through Fuzzy Control in Image-Based Visual Servoing With Velocity and Field-of-View Constraints

Author(s): Minghao Cheng, Hao Tang, Uzair Aslam Bhatti, Di Li

Pages: 4190 - 4200

5) Time-Series Forecasting Using Improved Empirical Fourier Decomposition and High-Order Intuitionistic FCM: Applications in Smart Manufacturing Systems

Author(s): Ali Nikseresht, Mostafa Zandieh, Mohammad Shokouhifar

Pages: 4201 - 4213

6) A Deep Neural Network Based on Masked Strategy and Fuzzy Pooling for Diagnosing Osteoarthritis in X-Ray Images

Author(s): Lu Lu, Jinzhong Chen, Feng He, Zhiqiang Wu, Minan Lu, Changgong Lan

Pages: 4214 - 4224

7) Fuzzy Optimization Feature Fusion for Enhanced Fine-Grained Visual Classification in Sustainable Manufacturing Using Vision Transformer

Author(s): Chin-Feng Lai, Yi-Wei Lai, Shih-Yeh Chen, Chi-Hsuan Lee, Mu-Yen Chen

Pages: 4225 - 4239

8) Fuzzy Membership-Driven Adaptive Sample Mining for Facial Expression Recognition

Author(s): Xuxiong Liu, Liuwei An, Kang Shen, Ziyang Zhang, Xiao Sun

Pages: 4240 - 4251

9) SL-ANFIS-LSTM: A Structure Learnable Fuzzy Neural Network for Ultra-Short-Term PV Power Forecasting

Author(s): Zhao Su, Jun Shen, Qingguo Zhou, Binbin Yong

Pages: 4252 - 4262

10) Intermittent Sampled-Data Fuzzy Control for Nonlinear Coupled ODE-PDE Systems With Stochastic Actuator Failures

Author(s): Jin-Yang Zheng, Zi-Peng Wang, Gongming Wang, Junfei Qiao, Honggui Han, Huai-Ning Wu, Tingwen Huang

Pages: 4263 - 4276

11) Neuro-Fuzzy Musculoskeletal Model-Driven Assist-as-Needed Control via Impedance Regulation for Rehabilitation Robots

Author(s): Yu Cao, Shuhao Ma, Mengshi Zhang, Jindong Liu, Jian Huang, Zhi-Qiang Zhang

Pages: 4277 - 4288

12) Global-Guided Label-Aware Adaptive Multilabel Feature Selection via Fuzzy Mutual Information

Author(s): Hao Xie, Yangding Li, Jianhua Dai

Pages: 4289 - 4302

13) Representation Learning for Latent Disease Identification Based on the Multidimensional Hesitant Fuzzy xLSTM Network

Author(s): Wei Zhou, Cesheng Zhang, Zeshui Xu

Pages: 4303 - 4317

14) α-Conditional Distributivity Between Continuous t-Norms and t-Conorms With Effective Application to Suspicious Network Activity Detection

Author(s): Senhao Cai, Hongjun Zhou, Sanyang Liu

Pages: 4318 - 4330

15) Fuzzy Information Evolution With Three-Way Decision in Social Network Group Decision-Making

Author(s): Qianlei Jia, Xinliang Zhou, Ondrej Krejcar, Enrique Herrera-Viedma

Pages: 4331 - 4344

16) A Dual-Layer Fuzzy Consensus Optimization Algorithm for Exponential Convergence in Distributed Networks

Author(s): Yan Zheng, Ruifeng Zhu, Zhenyong Wang, Yang Lu, Wei Xiang

Pages: 4345 - 4357

17) A Predefined-Time Fuzzy Adaptive RNN for Time-Dependent Bound-Constrained Nonlinear Optimization With Applications

Author(s): Guangfeng Cheng, Yu Han, Binbin Qiu

Pages: 4358 - 4370

18) Robust Optimization Scheduling of an Electric Vehicle Charging Station Based on Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Information

Author(s): Yuling Ren, Mao Tan, Kang Li, Yongxin Su, Rui Wang, Ling Wang

Pages: 4371 - 4383

19) Multihop Fuzzy Event Knowledge Graph Reasoning With Event Soft Logical Rules Guidance

Author(s): Chao Wang, Li Yan, Zongmin Ma

Pages: 4384 - 4393

20) Power-Considered Fault-Tolerant Control for Nonlinear Systems With Nonfragile Prescribed Performance

Author(s): Yu Xia, Ke Xiao, Radu-Emil Precup, Imre J. Rudas, Ramesh K. Agarwal

Pages: 4394 - 4404

21) Optimal Formation Control for Autonomous Vehicles: A Bilayer Predefined-Time Fuzzy Reinforcement Learning Approach

Author(s): Xinhai Zhuang, Hengyu Li, Jingyi Liu, Yueying Wang, Mohammed Chadli, Jun Luo

Pages: 4405 - 4417

22) CausalSeqGNN: A Fama-French Inspired Fuzzy Cognitive Map Combined With Graph Neural Network for Stock Prediction

Author(s): He Yu, Jing Liu

Pages: 4418 - 4430

23) WavTSK: An Interpretable Fuzzy Network With Learnable Wavelet-Based Feature Extraction for Motor Imagery EEG Decoding

Author(s): Zhiying Li, Yi-Feng Chen, Jingwan Yu, Mingming Zhang

Pages: 4431 - 4442

24) A Geometric View of Ralescu’s Many-Valued Cardinality

Author(s): Eduard Bartl, Radim Belohlavek

Pages: 4443 - 4451

25) Corrections to “Robust Classification via Interval Type-2 Fuzzy C-Means and Gradient Boosting”

Author(s): Yunlong Zhu, Haibin Duan, Zheng Wang, Eun-Hu Kim, Zunwei Fu, Witold Pedrycz

Pages: 4452 - 4452