IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence Volume 10, Issue 1, February 2026

1) Artificial Human Intelligence: The Role of Humans in the Development of Next Generation AI

Author(s): S. S. Arslan

Pages: 4 - 20

2) Security Risks of AI/ML With a Focus on Reinforcement Learning: A Review and Perspectives From Grid Applications

Author(s): K. -B. Kwon, S. Mukherjee, R. R. Hossain, V. Adetola

Pages: 21 - 35

3) Structure-Based Robust Fractal Graph Neural Network with Molecular Fingerprint BERT for Molecular Property Prediction

Author(s): Y. Dong, M. Xu, L. Tang

Pages: 36 - 50

4) YOLO-ITC: A New YOLO Method for Instance Segmentation of Individual Tree Crowns

Author(s): Z. Sun, B. Xue, M. Zhang, J. Schindler

Pages: 51 - 65

5) Evolutionary Multitasking With Self-Learning and Multi-Scale Transfer for Point Cloud Registration

Author(s): Y. Wu, B. Xiang, Y. Liu, P. Gong, M. Gong, Q. Miao, W. Ma

Pages: 66 - 79

6) FastGCNet: A Fast Geometric Constructive Neural Network for the Industrial IoT Data Analysis

Author(s): J. Nan, Y. Qin, A. Arunan, U. -X. Tan, W. Dai, C. Yuen

Pages: 80 - 90

7) A Lightweight Model for Fast and Detail-Preserving Human Segmentation in Video

Author(s): X. Zhang, L. Yao, F. Zeng

Pages: 91 - 104

8) Noise Perception Self-Supervised Learning for Unsupervised Person Re-Identification

Author(s): J. Wang, J. Wen, W. Ding, C. Yu, X. Zhu, Z. Wang

Pages: 105 - 115

9) Planning-Assisted Context-Sensitive Autonomous Shepherding of Dispersed Robotic Swarms in Obstacle-Cluttered Environments

Author(s): J. Liu, H. Singh, S. Elsayed, R. Hunjet, H. A. Abbass

Pages: 116 - 129

10) Multi-Dimensional Information Representation for Offensive Language Detection

Author(s): P. Yang, B. Li, H. Zhao, H. Huang, D. O. Wu

Pages: 130 - 141

11) Clustering Irregular Data Streams With Fuzzy Induction

Author(s): J. W. Sangma, V. Pal, Yogita, G. Singal, S. Das

Pages: 142 - 154

12) DP-PSSI: Data-Driven Prior for Pharmaceutical Snapshot Spectral Imaging

Author(s): X. Su, J. Mao, Y. Wang, H. Zhang, Y. Chen

Pages: 155 - 167

13) Fully Distributed Formation Control of Autonomous Surface Vessels via Non-Cooperative Game Approach

Author(s): J. Ren, G. Wen, X. Fang, T. Huang

Pages: 168 - 180

14) Feature Diversity Learning for a Compact CNN Module

Author(s): H. Zhang, H. Hu, D. Zhou, B. Cao, X. Zhang

Pages: 181 - 190

15) STAFusion: An Adversarial Learning Network for Infrared and Visible Image Fusion via Swin Transformer

Author(s): Y. Zhai, B. Song, J. Cheng, A. Dong, G. Lv

Pages: 191 - 205

16) Learnable-Parameters-Incorporated Neural Dynamics for Time-Dependent System of Linear Equations

Author(s): M. Liu, K. Ruan, K. Zhang, L. Chen, D. Wang, L. Jin

Pages: 206 - 216

17) Dynamic Semantic Complementary Network for Zero-Shot Learning

Author(s): S. Chen, S. Chen, Z. Hong, Y. Shao, X. You

Pages: 217 - 230

18) Weakly-Supervised Liver Lesion Detection in CT Images Using Adversarial Networks

Author(s): H. Li, Y. Iwamoto, X. Han, L. Lin, R. Tong, H. Hu, S. Kanasaki, Y. -W. Chen

Pages: 231 - 242

19) Cross-Domain RGB-to-Event Image Translation Using Spiking Neurons for Eye Detection

Author(s): B. Kang, D. Kang

Pages: 243 - 256

20) PPD-IQA: A Bottom-Up and Top-Down Combined Approach for Blind Image Quality Assessment via Prototype-Prompted Disentangling

Author(s): H. Wang, Z. Zhang, Z. Yang, G. Wang, Y. Zhang

Pages: 257 - 270

21) FGCNet: Face Geometry-Constrained Network for Face Point Cloud Completion

Author(s): M. Lei, H. Song, T. Fu, D. Xiao, J. Fan, D. Ai, Y. Gu, J. Yang

Pages: 271 - 285

22) Towards Reliable Tracking: An Uncertainty-Aware Siamese Tracker

Author(s): J. Ma, X. Lan, Q. Liang, G. Li, Z. Mo, B. Zhong

Pages: 286 - 299

23) FU-PA: Federated Unlearning via Parameters Adjustment

Author(s): W. Zeng, S. Chen, X. Li, S. Chen

Pages: 300 - 311

24) Adaptive Thresholding in EEG Artifact Removal Through Multimodal Fusion: A Multimodal Artifact Subspace Reconstruction Approach

Author(s): W. You, R. Yang, C. Qin, M. Huang, Z. Wang

Pages: 312 - 322

25) Graph Diffusion Enhanced Contrastive Representation Learning on Topology and Feature Space for Community Detection

Author(s): L. Zhang, F. Sun, Z. Wu, W. Zhang, H. Yang, P. Zhou

Pages: 323 - 335

26) PFEAL: A Novel Framework for Image Anomaly Detection Using Pre-Trained Feature Extraction and Activation Learning

Author(s): F. Ding, B. Li, H. Liu, C. Lyu, X. Ben, H. Zhou

Pages: 336 - 347

27) Expensive Many-Objective Evolutionary Optimization With a Self-Adaptive Surrogate Model

Author(s): X. Liu, C. Sun, Y. Jin, A. Hayat

Pages: 348 - 357

28) MAPLE: A Modularized Framework for Learning-Based Planners to Integrate Prediction

Author(s): Z. Wen, Z. Zhou, X. Chen, J. Wang, Y. -H. Li, Y. -K. Huang

Pages: 358 - 368

29) Heterogeneity-Aware Federated Graph Neural Networks for Incomplete Multi-View Clustering

Author(s): X. Yan, Z. Wang, Y. Jin

Pages: 369 - 381

30) Micro-Fracture Detection in Photovoltaic Cells With Hardware-Constrained Devices and Computer Vision

Author(s): B. V. Faassen, J. Serrano, P. D. Rosero-Montalvo

Pages: 382 - 389

31) Towards Physics-Informed Cyclic Adversarial Multi-PSF Lensless Imaging

Author(s): A. Banerjee, S. Singh

Pages: 390 - 400

32) Diverse-Feature Hierarchical Fusion Learning for Visible-Infrared Person Re-Identification

Author(s): S. Chan, W. Meng, Z. Li, J. Hu, X. Zhou

Pages: 401 - 411

33) EdgeNet: Empowering Edge Device Performance by Leveraging Clustered Networks for Optimal Memory Management With Platform-Awareness

Author(s): P. Verma, C. Pal, P. Sasmal, K. Z. Najiya, A. Acharyya

Pages: 412 - 424

34) Deep Reinforcement Learning for Traveling Purchaser Problems

Author(s): H. Yuan, R. Zhu, W. Yang, S. Song, K. You, W. Fan, C. L. P. Chen

Pages: 425 - 439

35) Evolutionary Multitasking Optimization With Dual-Space Similarity Assisted Knowledge Transfer

Author(s): C. Tian, Z. Ren, M. Wang

Pages: 440 - 453

36) SFTT: A Spatial-Frequency-Temporal-Based End-to-End Transformer for Heart Rate Estimation

Author(s): R. Dey, S. Palaiahnakote, S. Bhattacharya, U. Pal, S. Chanda

Pages: 454 - 467

37) Global and Local Attention-Based Multiscale Prototypical Network for Few-Shot Learning

Author(s): Q. Yu, Y. Wang

Pages: 468 - 479

38) Event-Triggered Formation Control for Unknown Nonlinear Iterative Multi-Agent Systems: Utilizing Memristive Programming Neural Networks

Author(s): Q. Shi, X. Huang, Z. Wang

Pages: 480 - 492

39) Incentive Mechanism for Heterogeneous Federated Learning With Budget Constraint

Author(s): W. Xu, X. Wang, W. W. Y. Ng, K. Liu

Pages: 493 - 506

40) Distributed Hierarchical Optimized Control for CPSs Under DoS Attacks and Mismatched Disturbances via Reinforcement Learning

Author(s): Y. Liu, X. Xie, X. -G. Guo, J. Sun

Pages: 507 - 518

41) A Variable-Type Fuzzy System Approach Based on High-Confidence Pseudo-Labels for Semi-Supervised Regression

Author(s): T. Zhao, K. Wen

Pages: 519 - 530

42) REDARTS: Regressive Differentiable Neural Architecture Search for Exploring Optimal Light Field Disparity Estimation Network

Author(s): A. Hassan, M. Sjöström, T. Zhang, K. Egiazarian

Pages: 531 - 542

43) Uncertainty-Aware Neighbor Calibration for Positive and Unlabeled Learning in Large Machine Learning Models

Author(s): M. I. Zulfiqar, A. Khalid, L. Chen, S. Dhelim

Pages: 543 - 556

44) AVNPSO: Hyperparameter Optimization of Encoder-Decoder Networks for Image Segmentation

Author(s): J. Zhao, J. Fan, J. Wang

Pages: 557 - 570

45) Quantum Option Profit and Loss Encoding for Risk Assessment

Author(s): J. Shi, B. Yuan, Y. Lu, S. Zhang, X. Li

Pages: 571 - 582

46) New Recurrent Neural Network for Different-Level Sylvester Matrix Equation System: A Direct Discrete Architecture Perspective

Author(s): H. Zhang, J. Wang, X. Cao, D. K. Gerontitis, Y. Shi

Pages: 583 - 593

47) From Wasserstein to Maximum Mean Discrepancy Barycenters: A Novel Framework for Uncertainty Propagation in Model-Free Reinforcement Learning

Author(s): S. Roy, S. Saha, S. Das

Pages: 594 - 606

48) Unifying Spatial and Semantic Augmentation Strategies for Cross-Domain Semi-Supervised Medical Image Segmentation

Author(s): H. Lai, Y. Luo, J. Lu

Pages: 607 - 620

49) Multi-Modal Data Fusion Approach for Real-Time Monitoring of Industrial Equipment

Author(s): D. Zhang, W. Yu, Q. Xu, T. Chai

Pages: 621 - 631

50) An Adaptive Constraint Relaxation Strategy Based Coevolutionary Algorithm for Constrained Multi-Objective Optimization

Author(s): R. Wang, W. Huang, W. Li, X. Tang, T. Zhang, L. Wang

Pages: 632 - 646

51) A Novel Approach for Pruning Training Spaces in Ensemble Classifiers

Author(s): L. P. Yulianti, A. Trisetyarso, J. Santoso, K. Surendro

Pages: 647 - 659

52) FedSD: A Communication-Efficient Federated Learning Method With Scaled Stochastic Quantization and Dynamic Caching Mechanism

Author(s): X. Yu, Z. Gao, C. Zhao, Y. Qiao, Y. Lin, Z. Mo, Y. Yang

Pages: 660 - 675

53) Genetic Programming for Explainable Manifold Learning

Author(s): B. Cravens, A. Lensen, P. Maddigan, B. Xue

Pages: 676 - 688

54) Dynamic Multivariation Multifactorial Evolutionary Algorithm for Large-Scale Multiobjective Optimization

Author(s): J. Jiang, P. Tong, H. Wang, J. Hong, Z. Liu, B. Su, F. Han

Pages: 689 - 704

55) Density-Based Online Concept Evolution Detection in Streaming Features

Author(s): P. Zhou, H. Yu, Y. Yan, X. Wu

Pages: 705 - 720

56) Learning Unbiased Cluster Descriptors for Interpretable Imbalanced Concept Drift Detection

Author(s): Y. Zhang, Z. Huang, M. Zhao, C. Zhang, Y. Lu, Y. Ji, F. Gu, A. Zeng

Pages: 721 - 734

57) Weighted High-Frequency SpAce GeneraTive ModEl (W-FATE): Application in High-Resolution Single-Shot T2 Mapping via Multi-Echo-Train Multiple Overlapping-Echo Acquisition

Author(s): C. Wang, Y. Lin, Q. Yang, L. Fan, M. Ye, Z. Wu, C. Cai, S. Cai

Pages: 735 - 746

58) Inconsistency-Aware Graph Convolutional Networks for Multi-View Classification

Author(s): Q. Teng, K. Liu, X. Yang, M. Li

Pages: 747 - 760

59) Low-Light Image Enhancement via Global-Local Collaborative Transformer

Author(s): C. She, F. Han, F. Pan, S. Duan, T. Huang, L. Wang

Pages: 761 - 775

60) Genetic-Algorithm-Optimized Fuzzy Zeroing Dynamics for Visual Servoing of Robot-Camera Systems Without Modeling and Calibration

Author(s): N. Tan, P. Yu, S. Liang, W. Yu, X. Gu, Y. Wu

Pages: 776 - 788

61) Multiobjective Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning for Plant-Wide Optimization of Bayer Process

Author(s): Y. Yao, J. Ding, X. Dai

Pages: 789 - 800

62) Distributed Swarm Attention Learning Optimizer With Sensitive Search Transition for Large-Scale Optimization

Author(s): Z. Wu, W. Song, X. Zhao, Y. Guo, S. Yang

Pages: 801 - 814

63) TFT-CPI: A Novel Feature-Enhanced Model for Compound-Protein Interaction Prediction Based on Topology and Fractal Theory

Author(s): Y. Dong, M. Xu, L. Tang

Pages: 815 - 829

64) QGHNN: A Quantum Graph Hamiltonian Neural Network

Author(s): W. Wang, J. Shi, N. Guan, S. Zhang, X. Li

Pages: 830 - 843

65) Hierarchical Artifact Removal for Encoded Point Clouds With Very Low Bitrate G-PCC Octree

Author(s): R. Tu, G. Jiang, Z. Zhu, Y. Chen, T. Luo, Y. Zhang, M. Yu

Pages: 844 - 857

66) Benchmarking Deep Legendre-SNN for Time Series Classification – Analysis and Enhancements

Author(s): R. Gaurav, S. Agarwal, T. C. Stewart, Y. Yi

Pages: 858 - 869

67) BLTOO-MFFL: Automated and Adversarially Robust Deep Learning for SAR Image Classification by Bi-Level Three-Objective Optimization and Multi-Feature Fusion Loss

Author(s): Y. Zhang, G. -Q. Zeng, K. -D. Lu, M. -R. Chen, G. -G. Geng, J. Weng

Pages: 870 - 887

68) A Monetization Predictive Model for Marketing Campaigns on E-Commerce Service Platforms Based on Hidden Information

Author(s): M. Huang, Y. Xiao, X. Guo, Q. Zhang, Y. Huang

Pages: 888 - 899

69) Multidimensional Hesitant Fuzzy Transformer Networks: A Deep Learning Approach for Intelligent Medical Diagnosis

Author(s): W. Zhou, C. Zhang, Z. Xu

Pages: 900 - 912

70) Multi-Scale and Multi-Contrast Magnetic Resonance Image Super-Resolution Reconstruction

Author(s): X. Wang, Z. Zhong, L. Huang, J. Hu

Pages: 913 - 925

71) PillarCoder: An Efficient and Lightweight Attention Network With Pillarization for Point Cloud Learning

Author(s): K. Qu, P. Gao, Q. Dai, L. Zhang, Y. Sun, X. Hua, M. Paul

Pages: 926 - 937

72) An Improved Reference Point-Based Evolutionary Algorithm for Dynamic Multi-Objective Optimization With Preferences

Author(s): Z. Hou, J. Zou, Y. Xia, L. Gao, Y. Liu, S. Yang

Pages: 938 - 951

73) Differentially Private Online Convex Optimization With Long-Term Constraints via Gaussian Mechanism and Virtual Queue

Author(s): L. Chen, P. Zhou, X. Ding, H. Xu, J. C. S. Lui

Pages: 952 - 966

74) Multi-Scale Shapley Adaptation Pruning: Realizing Backdoor Defense in Brain-Computer Interface With Shapley-Value-Based Neural Network Pruning

Author(s): F. Li, R. Yang, H. Cheng, M. Huang, F. Zhang, F. E. Alsaadi, Z. Wang

Pages: 967 - 981

75) Lightweight Multimodal Feature Fusion and Spatiotemporal Learning for Human Action Recognition on Edge Devices

Author(s): S. Biswas, A. Nandy, A. K. Naskar

Pages: 982 - 995

76) Indeterminacy-Driven Trade-Off in Reinforcement Learning on Neutrosophic Fuzzy Hypergraphs for Explainable Item Recommendation With Path-Compliant Rewards

Author(s): M. P. Shareef, B. R. Jose, J. Mathew, R. P. B.

Pages: 996 - 1008

77) Low-Rank Outlier-Robust Fuzzy Clustering With Adaptive Intrinsic Structure Preservation

Author(s): Y. Wang, L. Chen, J. Zhou, C. Zhang, Z. Shi, G. Feng

Pages: 1009 - 1024

78) On-Policy Machine Learning Based-Disturbance Rejection Control for Grid-Tied PEC9 Inverter Under Parameters Mismatch and Distorted Grid Voltage

Author(s): A. Fathollahi, M. Gheisarnejad, M. Sharifzadeh, E. Laurendeau, B. Andresen, K. Al-Haddad

Pages: 1025 - 1037

79) Deep Neural Networks Internal Representation via Neuron Community Exploration

Author(s): G. Lan, S. Xiao, J. Yang, W. Lu, Q. Meng, X. Gao

Pages: 1038 - 1049

80) Bi-Objective Optimization for Time-Dependent Preference-Driven Route Planning

Author(s): L. Gao, F. Chu, C. Chen

Pages: 1050 - 1068

Weekly Review 23 January 2026

Some interesting links that I Tweeted about in the last week (I also post these on Mastodon, Threads, Newsmast, and Bluesky):

1. The project to poison the data being scraped to train AI: https://www.theregister.com/2026/01/11/industry_insiders_seek_to_poison/
2. Patients can't always express that they are in pain. AI can help to detect if they are: https://spectrum.ieee.org/machine-learning-measure-pain-surgery
3. Anthropic has adapted its coding AI to do non-coding tasks: https://dataconomy.com/2026/01/13/anthropics-cowork-brings-developer-grade-ai-agents-to-non-coders/
4. Training an AI on fraudulent government loans: https://www.theregister.com/2026/01/14/feds_antifraud_ai_covid_loans/
5. Make people the centre of the efforts to include AI in your organisation: https://www.computerworld.com/article/4115676/ai-backlash-forces-a-reality-check-humans-are-as-important-as-ever.html
6. While students can benefit from using AI, the costs of accessing the services can be a barrier for some: https://www.insidehighered.com/opinion/views/2026/01/14/hidden-tax-students-pay-your-ai-strategy-opinion
7. Any information from an AI needs to be verified by a human, especially before it is used to make a decision: https://arstechnica.com/ai/2026/01/deny-deny-admit-uk-police-used-copilot-ai-hallucination-when-banning-football-fans/
8. AI guardrails are pretty easy to defeat, and the companies running the AI don't have a lot of incentive to improve them: https://dataconomy.com/2026/01/16/us-senate-slams-tech-giants-over-failing-deepfake-guardrails/
9. Missing data can complicate training AI. Imputation methods can help fill the gaps:  https://www.kdnuggets.com/we-tried-5-missing-data-imputation-methods-the-simplest-method-won-sort-of
10. Is it surprising that the head of the company that makes the most hardware for AI is against AI regulation? https://dataconomy.com/2026/01/12/nvidia-ceo-jensen-huang-slams-doomsday-ai-narratives/
11. An older article but an important one - AI code generators are getting worse: https://spectrum.ieee.org/ai-coding-degrades
12. There is now a script to remove AI from Windows: https://www.theregister.com/2026/01/13/script_removes_ai_from_windows/
13. Bandcamp bans AI generated music from its platform: https://arstechnica.com/ai/2026/01/bandcamp-bans-purely-ai-generated-music-from-its-platform/
14. The bigger the AI bubble gets, the greater the pain when it bursts: https://arstechnica.com/ai/2026/01/tsmc-says-ai-demand-is-endless-after-record-q4-earnings/
15. AI could wipe out more than 10 million US jobs - but probably won't: https://www.theregister.com/2026/01/13/ai_us_jobs_2030/
16. Women will continue to be victimised by AI without proper safeguards: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2026/jan/14/use-of-ai-to-harm-women-has-only-just-begun-experts-warn
17. Class imbalances and overfitting are real problems when training AI. Some way s to address these problems: https://www.kdnuggets.com/avoiding-overfitting-class-imbalance-feature-scaling-issues-the-machine-learning-practitioners-notebook
18. Guardrails around most AI are easily defeated, I don't think grok would be any different: https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/584073/x-to-change-ai-chatbot-grok-after-outrage-over-sexual-deepfake-images
19. An AI can help with supermarket shopping, but how much will it change people's shopping habits? https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/584335/when-your-supermarket-shops-for-you-what-woolworths-ai-upgrade-really-means
20. More money being spent on AI with little apparent idea of what to do with it: https://www.theregister.com/2026/01/12/meta_compute/
21. I think it is a really bad idea to put a commercial AI onto classified military networks: https://arstechnica.com/ai/2026/01/hegseth-wants-to-integrate-musks-grok-ai-into-military-networks-this-month/
22. Yet another AI agent that harvests its users data to "help" them: https://www.techtarget.com/searchcustomerexperience/news/366637263/Slackbots-agentic-AI-makeover-gives-users-their-copilot
23. The pros and cons of using AI to set your goals: https://www.theguardian.com/wellness/2026/jan/15/ai-life-coach
24. Spending on AI data centres keeps climbing, and still no return for it: https://www.theregister.com/2026/01/14/ai_investment/

IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence, Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2026

1) A Systematic Review on Quantum Machine Learning Applications in Classification

Author(s): Ehsan Mohammadisavadkoohi, Niusha Shafiabady, James Vakilian

Pages: 4 - 21

2) Inadequacies of Large Language Model Benchmarks in the Era of Generative Artificial Intelligence

Author(s): Timothy R. McIntosh, Teo Susnjak, Nalin Arachchilage, Tong Liu, Dan Xu, Paul Watters, Malka N. Halgamuge

Pages: 22 - 39

3) A Review: Recent Advancements in Online Private Mode Multiobject Tracking

Author(s): Shavantrevva Bilakeri, Karunakar A. Kotegar

Pages: 40 - 59

4) A Survey on Deep Learning-Based Chinese Font Style Transfer

Author(s): Zheyong Ren, Yuhan Pan, Jieyan Chen, Lin Zhao, Ming Liao, Xuecheng Qian, Wei Gong

Pages: 60 - 75

5) A Hierarchical Deep Reinforcement Learning Strategy for Collective Pursuit-Evasion Game With Partial Observations

Author(s): Xiaoxiao Wang, Peng Yi, Yiguang Hong

Pages: 76 - 90

6) CORT: Class-Oriented Real-Time Tracking for Embedded Systems

Author(s): Edoardo Cittadini, Alessandro De Siena, Giorgio Buttazzo

Pages: 91 - 102

7) Mitigating Bias in Opportunistic Screening for MACE With Causal Reasoning

Author(s): Jialu Pi, Juan Maria Farina, Chieh-Ju Chao, Chadi Ayoub, Reza Arsanjani, Imon Banerjee

Pages: 103 - 111

8) Evidential Reasoning Rule Learning

Author(s): Zhiguo Zhou, Hui Liu

Pages: 112 - 121

9) Unsupervised Domain Adaptation With Source Data for Estimating Occupancy and Recognizing Activities in Smart Buildings

Author(s): Jawher Dridi, Manar Amayri, Nizar Bouguila

Pages: 122 - 135

10) Derivation of Back-Propagation for Graph Convolutional Networks Using Matrix Calculus and Its Application to Explainable Artificial Intelligence

Author(s): Yen-Che Hsiao, Rongting Yue, Abhishek Dutta

Pages: 136 - 145

11) Role-Based One-Hop Neighborhood Representation for Link Sign Prediction in Signed Directed Networks

Author(s): Zhihong Fang, Shaolin Tan, Qiu Fang, Zhe Li, Qing Gao

Pages: 146 - 156

12) TransHD: Spatial Transformer Features Extraction for HDC Synergetic Learning

Author(s): Eman Hassan, Meriem Bettayeb, Yasmin Halawani, Paul R. Genssler, Huruy Tesfai, Yahya Zweiri, Hussam Amrouch, Leontios J. Hadjileontiadis, Hani Saleh, Baker Mohammad

Pages: 157 - 171

13) An Inversion-Free Fuzzy Zeroing Neural Network Under Adaptive Input Range Fuzzy Scheme: Design, Analysis, and Application

Author(s): Lin Xiao, Dan Wang, Qiuyue Zuo, Haibing Fan, Hang Cai

Pages: 172 - 184

14) Ranking Time-Frequency Contrastive Learning for Multivariate Time Series Classification

Author(s): Jidong Yuan, Lingyin Zhang, Weiqiang Jia, Jia Guo, Haiyang Liu, Jinfeng Wang

Pages: 185 - 194

15) Leveraging Long-Term Multivariate History Representation for Time Series Forecasting

Author(s): Huiliang Zhang, Di Wu, Arnaud Zinflou, Stephane Dellacherie, Mouhamadou Makhtar Dione, Benoit Boulet

Pages: 195 - 209

16) SRLinear: Lightweight Long-Term Time Series Forecasting via Symbolic Regression

Author(s): Hongbo Zhao, Hengzhe Zhang, Chutian Tian, Zhi Wei, Aimin Zhou

Pages: 210 - 224

17) Spatio-Temporal Mamba Dynamic Graph Convolutional Recurrent Network for Traffic Prediction

Author(s): Xiaoyan Zhang, Yongqin Zhang, Xiangfu Meng

Pages: 225 - 238

18) Leveraging Rationality Labels for Explainable Claim Check-Worthiness

Author(s): Megha Sundriyal, Md Shad Akhtar, Tanmoy Chakraborty

Pages: 239 - 249

19) Boosting Time-Series Domain Adaptation via A Time-Frequency Consensus Framework

Author(s): Wenmian Yang, Mohamed Ragab, Min Wu, Sinno Jialin Pan, Guosheng Lin, Weijia Jia, Zhenghua Chen

Pages: 250 - 261

20) Robust Peer-to-Peer Federated Learning With Deep Reinforcement Learning Based Client Selection Against Data Poisoning Attacks

Author(s): Keyvan Kazemi, Mohammad Hossein Badiei, Hamed Kebriaei

Pages: 262 - 271

21) Unveiling the Convergence Dynamics of a Graph Recommender System

Author(s): Adrien Njanko, Danda B. Rawat

Pages: 272 - 284

22) Minimal Neuron Circuits—Part II: Integrators

Author(s): Amr Nabil, T. Nandha Kumar, Haider Abbas F. Almurib

Pages: 285 - 296

23) Nuclei Segmentation Using Multiheaded U-Net and Shearlet-Based Unsharp Masking

Author(s): Shivam Mishra, Amit Vishwakarma, Anil Kumar

Pages: 297 - 307

24) QSVM-QNN: Quantum Support Vector Machine Based Quantum Neural Network Learning Algorithm for Brain–Computer Interfacing Systems

Author(s): Bikash K. Behera, Saif Al-Kuwari, Ahmed Farouk

Pages: 308 - 320

25) Modeling Deep Unfolded Quantum Machine Learning Framework

Author(s): Shanika Iroshi Nanayakkara, Shiva Raj Pokhrel

Pages: 321 - 331

26) COSMIC: A Novel Contextualized Orientation Similarity Metric Incorporating Consistency for NLG Assessment

Author(s): Hadi Al Khansa, Mariette Awad

Pages: 332 - 346

27) IT2-ENFIS: Interval Type-2 Exclusionary Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System, an Attempt Toward Trustworthy Regression Learning

Author(s): Chuan Xue, Jianli Gao, Zhou Gu

Pages: 347 - 361

28) A Novel Multiscale Dynamic Graph Convolutional Network for Traffic Data Cognition

Author(s): Jiyao An, Zhaohui Pu, Qingqin Liu, Lei Zhang, Md Sohel Rana

Pages: 362 - 374

29) Boosting 3-D Point Cloud Registration by Orthogonal Self-Ensemble Learning

Author(s): Mingzhi Yuan, Ao Shen, Yingfan Ma, Jie Du, Qiao Huang, Manning Wang

Pages: 375 - 384

30) MALADY: Multiclass Active Learning With Auction Dynamics on Graphs

Author(s): Gokul Bhusal, Kevin Miller, Ekaterina Merkurjev

Pages: 385 - 398

31) Distributed Generative Model: A Data Synthesizing Framework for Multisource Heterogeneous Data

Author(s): Zuobin Xiong, Wei Li, Yingshu Li, Zhipeng Cai

Pages: 399 - 411

32) ICQ-TransE: LLM-Enhanced Image-Caption-Question Translating Embeddings for Knowledge-Based Visual Question Answering

Author(s): Heng Liu, Boyue Wang, Xiaoyan Li, Yanfeng Sun, Yongli Hu, Baocai Yin

Pages: 412 - 425

33) Causal Disentanglement for Tackling Popularity Bias in Sequential Recommendation

Author(s): An-An Liu, Yadong Zhao, Xin Wen, Rihao Chang, Weizhi Nie

Pages: 426 - 438

34) FG-KD: A Novel Forward Gradient-Based Framework for Teacher Knowledge Augmentation

Author(s): Yang Yang, Chao Wang, Lei Gong, Min Wu, Zhenghua Chen, Xuehai Zhou

Pages: 439 - 454

35) pFedBL: Federated Bayesian Learning With Personalized Prior

Author(s): Xinhui Yu, Arvin Tashakori, Liang Zou, Z. Jane Wang

Pages: 455 - 470

36) Soft Parameter Sharing Model for Cross-Problem Generalization in Vehicle Routing Problems

Author(s): Yang Wang, Ya-Hui Jia, Wei-Neng Chen, Yi Mei

Pages: 471 - 485

37) Contrastive Learning Based Collaborative Modeling of Heterogeneous Data for Few-Shot Fault Diagnosis

Author(s): Kai Zhong, Hengchang Zhu, Xiaoming Zhang, Darong Huang, Min Han

Pages: 486 - 496

38) Deep Variational Autoencoder-Based Parameter Learning of Bayesian Network With Multiple Latent Variables

Author(s): Xinran Wu, Kun Yue, Liang Duan, Hongbo Xie, Huashuai Liu

Pages: 497 - 511

39) NeuroCrypt: A Neuro Symbolic AI Ecosystem for Advanced Cryptographic Data Security and Transmission

Author(s): Tanish Singh Rajpal, Akshit Naithani

Pages: 512 - 521

40) Using Adversarial Training to Improve Uncertainty Quantification

Author(s): Kuan Huang, Meng Xu, Yingfeng Wang

Pages: 522 - 533

41) DIFF-FECG: A Conditional Diffusion-Based Method for Fetal ECG Extraction From Abdominal ECG

Author(s): Zhenqin Chen, Yiwei Lin, Qiong Luo, Jinshan Xu

Pages: 534 - 546

42) Successive Halving Based Online Ensemble Selection for Concept-Drift Adaptation

Author(s): Jobin Wilson, Santanu Chaudhury, Brejesh Lall

Pages: 547 - 561

43) Deep3BPP: Identification of Blood–Brain Barrier Penetrating Peptides Using Word Embedding Feature Extraction Method and CNN-LSTM

Author(s): Md. Ashikur Rahman, Md. Mamun Ali, Kawsar Ahmed, Imran Mahmud, Francis M. Bui, Li Chen, Mohammad Ali Moni

Pages: 562 - 570

44) Reduction of Class Activation Uncertainty With Background Information

Author(s): H. M. Dipu Kabir

Pages: 571 - 585

45) Exploring Topic Trends in COVID-19 Research Literature Using Nonnegative Matrix Factorization

Author(s): Divya Patel, Vansh Parikh, Om Patel, Agam Shah, Bhaskar Chaudhury

Pages: 586 - 595

46) Event-Triggered Quantization-Based Predefined-Time Adaptive Fuzzy Control for Quadrotor Trajectory Tracking

Author(s): Zhimin Zhou, Lin Zhao

Pages: 596 - 605

47) Retraction Notice: Quantum-Assisted Activation for Supervised Learning in Healthcare-Based Intrusion Detection Systems

Author(s): Nikhil Laxminarayana, Nimish Mishra, Prayag Tiwari, Sahil Garg, Bikash K. Behera, Ahmed Farouk

Pages: 606 - 606

IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, Volume 37, Issue 1, January 2026

1) Privacy-Preserving Video Anomaly Detection: A Survey

Author(s): Yang Liu, Siao Liu, Xiaoguang Zhu, Hao Yang, Jielin Li, Juncen Guo, Liangyu Teng, Dingkang Yang, Yan Wang, Jing Liu

Pages: 2 - 21

2) SSPPI: Cross-Modality Enhanced Protein–Protein Interaction Prediction From Sequence and Structure Perspectives

Author(s): Xiangpeng Bi, Wenjian Ma, Huasen Jiang, Weigang Lu, Zhiqiang Wei, Shugang Zhang

Pages: 22 - 36

3) Integrating Clinical Knowledge Graphs and Gradient-Based Neural Systems for Enhanced Melanoma Diagnosis via the Seven-Point Checklist

Author(s): Yuheng Wang, Tianze Yu, Jiayue Cai, Sunil Kalia, Harvey Lui, Z. Jane Wang, Tim K. Lee

Pages: 37 - 51

4) Fine-Grained Audio–Visual Event Localization

Author(s): Baoyu Fan, Lu Liu, Xiaochuan Li, Runze Zhang, Liang Jin, Jin Zhang

Pages: 52 - 66

5) DSPFL: A Deep-Layer Sign Sharing Personalized Federated Learning Scheme for Mitigating Poisoning Attacks

Author(s): Chenhao Xu, Nasrin Sohrabi, Youyang Qu, Hai Dong, Zahir Tari, Xun Yi

Pages: 67 - 81

6) Robust Missing Value Imputation With Proximal Optimal Transport for Low-Quality IIoT Data

Author(s): Hao Wang, Zhichao Chen, Yuan Shen, Hui Zheng, Degui Yang, Dangjun Zhao, Buge Liang

Pages: 82 - 94

7) Multiagent Inductive Policy Optimization

Author(s): Yubo Huang, Xiaowei Zhao

Pages: 95 - 106

8) Efficient High-Dimensional Learning With Adaptive Gaussian RBF Networks

Author(s): Xiaoyu Gao, Xuetao Xie, Jian Wang, Sergey V. Ablameyko, Nikhil R. Pal

Pages: 107 - 121

9) Recurrent Network Expansion for Class Incremental Learning

Author(s): Kai Jiang, Xueru Bai, Feng Zhou

Pages: 122 - 135

10) Contrastive Federated Learning for Graph Anomaly Detection

Author(s): Hui Fang, Yang Gao, Peng Zhang, Sheng Zhou, Hongyang Chen, Jiajun Bu, Haishuai Wang

Pages: 136 - 147

11) Robust PID-Type Iterative Learning Control for Nonlinear Square and Nonsquare Systems

Author(s): Kechao Xu, Bo Meng, Zhen Wang, Xia Huang

Pages: 148 - 160

12) Unveiling Group-Specific Distributed Concept Drift: A Fairness Imperative in Federated Learning

Author(s): Teresa Salazar, João Gama, Helder Araújo, Pedro Henriques Abreu

Pages: 161 - 175

13) Toward an Effective Action-Region Tracking Framework for Fine-Grained Video Action Recognition

Author(s): Baoli Sun, Yihan Wang, Xinzhu Ma, Zhihui Wang, Kun Lu, Zhiyong Wang

Pages: 176-190

14) Expandable Residual Approximation for Knowledge Distillation

Author(s): Zhaoyi Yan, Binghui Chen, Yunfan Liu, Qixiang Ye

Pages: 191 - 203

15) Long-Tail Class Incremental Learning via Bias Calibration With Application to Continuous Fault Diagnosis

Author(s): Dongyue Chen, Zongxia Xie, Wenlong Yu, Qinghua Hu

Pages: 204 - 218

16) A Decomposition Optimization-Based Multiobjective Reinforcement Learning Algorithm for Obtaining Nonconvex Pareto Fronts

Author(s): Tianyang Li, Ying Meng, Lixin Tang

Pages: 219 - 232

17) Evidential Graph Contrastive Alignment for Source-Free Blending-Target Domain Adaptation

Author(s): Juepeng Zheng, Guowen Li, Yibin Wen, Jinxiao Zhang, Runmin Dong, Haohuan Fu

Pages: 233 - 246

18) Nesterov Accelerated Gradient Tracking With Adam for Distributed Online Optimization

Author(s): Yanxu Su, Qingyang Sheng, Xiasheng Shi, Chaoxu Mu, Changyin Sun

Pages: 247 - 260

19) Virtual Target-Oriented Neural Learning for Robust Optimal Tracking Control of Discrete Strict-Feedback Systems

Author(s): Ying Yan, Huaguang Zhang, Jiayue Sun, Zhongyang Ming

Pages: 261 - 273

20) Incremental Learning for Defect Segmentation With Efficient Transformer Semantic Complement

Author(s): Xiqi Li, Zhifu Huang, Ge Ma, Yu Liu

Pages: 274 - 283

21) Koopman-Driven Linearized Model-Based Offline Planning With Application to Freeway Ramp Metering

Author(s): Tao Zhou, Chuanye Gu, Chee Peng Lim, Jinlong Yuan

Pages: 284 - 298

22) Spatial–Temporal Diffusion Model for Matrix Factorization

Author(s): Chenxi Tian, Wenming Wu, Lingling Li, Xu Liu, Fang Liu, Wenping Ma, Licheng Jiao, Shuyuan Yang

Pages: 299 - 311

23) Bicriteria Policy Optimization for High-Accuracy Reinforcement Learning

Author(s): Guojian Zhan, Xiangteng Zhang, Feihong Zhang, Letian Tao, Shengbo Eben Li

Pages: 312 - 326

24) Adaptive Modality Balanced Online Knowledge Distillation for Brain–Eye–Computer-Based Dim Object Detection

Author(s): Zixing Li, Chao Yan, Zhen Lan, Xiaojia Xiang, Han Zhou, Jun Lai, Dengqing Tang

Pages: 327 - 341

25) Peak-Padding: Clustering by Padding Density Peaks With the Minimum Padding Cost

Author(s): Junyi Guan, Bingbing Jiang, Weiguo Sheng, Yangyang Zhao, Sheng Li, Xiongxiong He

Pages: 342 - 356

26) AMAP: Automatic Multihead Attention Pruning by Similarity-Based Pruning Indicator

Author(s): Eunho Lee, Youngbae Hwang

Pages: 357 - 370

27) Enhancing Reinforcement Learning With Cross-Domain Knowledge Transfer via Seeded Graph Matching

Author(s): Gengzhi Zhang, Liang Feng, Xuefeng Chen, Ke Tang, Kay Chen Tan

Pages: 371 - 385

28) Channelwise Regional Integrate and Multiple Firing Neuron: Improving the Spatiotemporal Learning of Spiking Neural Networks

Author(s): Mincheng Cai, Quan Liu, Kun Chen, Li Ma

Pages: 386 - 400

29) Restoring Noisy Demonstration for Imitation Learning With Diffusion Models

Author(s): Shang-Fu Chen, Co Yong, Shao-Hua Sun

Pages: 401 - 413

30) Time Series Classification Based on Supervised Contrastive Learning and Homoscedastic Uncertainty

Author(s): Tao Zhang, Ke Li, Shaofan Wang

Pages: 414 - 427

31) Distill to Delete: Unlearning in Graph Networks With Knowledge Distillation

Author(s): Yash Sinha, Murari Mandal, Mohan Kankanhalli

Pages: 428 - 437

32) Physics-Guided Time-Interactive-Frequency Network for Cross-Domain Few-Shot Hyperspectral Image Classification

Author(s): Jiaojiao Li, Hailong Wu, Rui Song, Haitao Xu, Yunsong Li, Qian Du

Pages: 438 - 452

33) DMutDE: Dual-View Mutual Distillation Framework for Knowledge Graph Embeddings

Author(s): Ruizhou Liu, Zhe Wu, Yiling Wu, Zongsheng Cao, Qianqian Xu, Qingming Huang

Pages: 453 - 466

34) Theoretical Advances on Stochastic Configuration Networks

Author(s): Xiufeng Yan, Dianhui Wang, Ivan Y. Tyukin

Pages: 467 - 481

35) Robust Fine-Grained Visual Categorization via Cyclical Attention

Author(s): Bin Kang, Dong Liang, Daoyuan Chen, Tianyu Ding, Mingqiang Wei

Pages: 482 - 496

36) A Unified Framework for Matrix Backpropagation

Author(s): Gatien Darley, Stéphane Bonnet

Pages: 497 - 503

IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, Volume 34, Issue 1, January 2026

1) Angle of Attack Enhanced Trajectory Prediction for Underwater Gliders Based on Fuzzy-Fusion of Inference and Dynamics

Author(s): Wenchuan Zang, Bohan Wang, Hanbin Zhang, Dalei Song, Tingting Guo

Pages: 1 - 13

2) Human-in-the-Loop Time-Varying Formation Control for NMSVs With Communication Links Faults: A Prescribed-Time Fuzzy Controller

Author(s): Teng-Fei Ding, Zi-Heng Yi, Ming-Feng Ge

Pages: 14 - 26

3) More Precise and Faster: Dual-Scale Teleoperation for Manipulator in Large Workspace

Author(s): Pengyu Sun, Weihua Li, Jun Li, Yiqun Liu, Jianfeng Wang, Liang Ding, Chengxu Zhou

Pages: 27 - 40

4) FCGNN: Fuzzy Cognitive Graph Neural Networks With Concept Evolution for Few-Shot Learning

Author(s): Linhua Zou, Dongqing Li, Chengxi Jiang, Yu Wang, Hong Zhao

Pages: 41 - 52

5) PAC-X: Fuzzy Explainable AI for Multiclass Malware Detection

Author(s): Mohd Saqib, Benjamin C. M. Fung, Philippe Charland

Pages: 53 - 64

6) Switched Data-Driven Model Predictive Control for a Class of Unknown Hybrid Fuzzy Systems

Author(s): Bo Li, Ming Liu, Lixian Zhang, Shunzhi Zhang, Guangren Duan, Xibin Cao

Pages: 65 - 75

7) EsurvFusion: An Evidential Multimodal Survival Fusion Model Based on Epistemic Random Fuzzy Sets

Author(s): Ling Huang, Yucheng Xing, Qika Lin, Jinming Duan, Su Ruan, Mengling Feng

Pages: 76 - 88

8) Neural Network-Based Attack-Compensation Control of T–S Fuzzy Systems Against Actuator Attacks With Improved Dynamic Memory-Event-Triggered Scheme

Author(s): Shen Yan, Xinyi Yang

Pages: 89 - 100

9) Three-Way Outlier Detection Based on Shadowed Granular-Balls

Author(s): Jie Yang, Feng Lu, Guoyin Wang, Shuyin Xia, Qinghua Zhang, Yi Liu, Yi Wang, Di Wu

Pages: 101 - 113

10) Manipulability Optimization of Omnidirectional Mobile Redundant Manipulator Considering Obstacle Avoidance With Fuzzy Adaptive Controller

Author(s): Shijun Tang, Yunfeng Hu, Hong Chen

Pages: 114 - 125

11) Fault Diagnosability Evaluation for Nonlinear Networked Control Systems Under Weak Transmission Conditions

Author(s): Wenqing Xu, Dayi Wang, Linlin Li, Zhigang Wu, Fangzhou Fu

Pages: 126 - 137

12) Margin-Aware Fuzzy Rough Feature Selection: Bridging Uncertainty Characterization and Pattern Classification

Author(s): Suping Xu, Lin Shang, Keyu Liu, Hengrong Ju, Xibei Yang, Witold Pedrycz

Pages: 138 - 151

13) Dynamic-Memory Event-Triggered Fuzzy Adaptive Fault-Tolerant Control for Robotic Manipulators: A New Switching Mechanism

Author(s): Huadi Shan, Yulian Jiang, Yanzheng Zhu, Shenquan Wang, José de Jesús Rubio

Pages: 152 - 162

14) Fuzzy Compounded State Observer-Based Finite-Time Preassigned Performance Control for Nonlinear Systems With Asymmetric Time-Varying State Constraints

Author(s): Wei Liu, Zhefan Mei, Wei Tang, Huanyu Zhao, Ju H. Park

Pages: 163 - 173

15) CAE-FCM: Context-Aware Enhanced Fuzzy Cognitive Maps for Interpretable Multivariate Time Series Forecasting

Author(s): Rui Hou, Yao Liu, Jingyu Cao, Xuanting Xie, Jingbo Wang, Qiao Liu

Pages: 174 - 188

16) A Linguistically Interpretable Fuzzy Fault Diagnosis Model: Knowledge Distillation Perspective

Author(s): Meng-Wei Li, Zhen-Sheng Zang, Wei Lu, Witold Pedrycz

Pages: 189 - 203

17) Adaptive Fuzzy Motion Planning Control With Fixed-Time Convergence for Redundant Robots Under Constraints

Author(s): Yang Li, Tonghui Zhang, Jinhui Wu, Dongcheng Ren, Shijie Guo

Pages: 204 - 218

18) A Multimechanism Fuzzy Logic Control Scheme for Autonomous Vehicle System Security: Machine Learning-Supervised Data Compression With Integrated Performance Estimation

Author(s): Xiao Cai, Yanbin Sun, Yao Xin, Kaibo Shi, Huaicheng Yan, Shiping Wen, Zhihong Tian

Pages: 219 - 230

19) Adaptive Fuzzy Predefined-Time Consensus of Switched Multiagent Systems With Input Saturation and Uncertainties

Author(s): Shuang Shi, Zhiheng Dong

Pages: 231 - 242

20) EANFIS: A Self Evolution-ANFIS Framework Integrated With Diffusion Model for Injection Molding Quality Prediction

Author(s): Weijun Sun, Jiakai He, Xiyuan Yang, Chaoye Li, Lei Liu, Guoxu Zhou, Yongjun Cao

Pages: 243 - 253

21) Fuzzy-Based Distributed Optimal Formation Control for Multiple QUAVs With Collision Avoidance

Author(s): Peng Jin, Mingqi Liu, Guopeng Zhou, Yangxizi Liu, Jinhua Huang

Pages: 254 - 262

22) Clustering Based on Transitive Closure of Distance Functions

Author(s): Chang-Jie Zhou, Zi-Kang Liu, Wei Yao

Pages: 263 - 272

23) Second-Order Sliding Mode Optimal Control for Two-Dimensional Systems Under Dynamic Binary Encoding

Author(s): Yucheng Xu, Jun Cheng, Yueying Wang, Shuping He, Leszek Rutkowski

Pages: 273 - 285

24) Enhancing Out-of-Distribution Detection in Transfer Learning Through Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set-Based Prediction

Author(s): Guangzhi Ma, Jie Lu

Pages: 286 - 297

25) Agile and Accurate Formation Control for Uncertain UAV Swarms With Nash Game Optimality via Fuzzy Set Theory

Author(s): Jiawen Dai, Zheshuo Zhang, Bangji Zhang

Pages: 298 - 310

26) A Novel Multigranularity Clustering Algorithm Based on Grid Partition and Fuzzy Quotient Space

Author(s): Xinran Zhou, Qinghua Zhang, Fan Zhao, Yutai Wang, Longjun Yin, Guoyin Wang

Pages: 311 - 323

27) Fuzzy Mixture-of-Experts Aggregation for Organoid Identification With Multiscale State Space Features

Author(s): Xun Deng, Pengwei Hu, Thomas Herget, Feng Tan, Xiaobo Zhu, Jun Zhang, Yu-an Huang, Lun Hu, Zhuhong You, Xin Luo

Pages: 324 - 335

28) Unified Fault-Supervision-Based Performance Fuzzy Recovery Control for Nonlinear Systems With Redundant Actuator Activation

Author(s): Le Wang, Huaguang Zhang, Juan Zhang, Lei Wan

Pages: 336 - 346

Programming Languages for Artificial Intelligence 2025

Introduction

There are a lot of articles about which programming languages are best for AI. I have previously posted on these in 2022, 2023 and 2024, producing top ten lists based on a number of articles on this topic from each year. In this post I will update these top ten lists based on 2025 articles.

Methodology

I looked at 39 articles from 2025. Each article was from a different author, to prevent duplication. 

I analysed the lists in three ways:

1. The frequency at which a language appeared in the lists, regardless of the position on the list;
2. The median rank assigned to each language across all lists in which is appears, and;
3. A weighted median rank, where the median rank of the language was weighted according to the frequency at which is appeared in lists. This corrects for outliers that were highly ranked on only a small number of lists.

Results

The length of the lists ranged from four to fifteen, with a median length of nine. The most common list length was ten. Below are the top ten ranked languages, for each analysis method.

In order of frequency, the top ten languages for AI are:

1. Python
2. Java
3. C++
4. Julia
5. R
6. JavaScript
7. Lisp
8. Prolog
9. Scala
10. Haskell

In order of median rank:

1. Python
2. Java
3. R
4. C++
5. C#
6. Julia
7. PHP
8. C
9. JavaScript
10. Lisp

Note that this is only the median rank of languages, regardless of how often they are listed. This is corrected by the weighted median rank.

The top ten languages for AI, as ordered by weighted median rank, are:

1. Python
2. Java
3. R
4. C++
5. Julia
6. JavaScript
7. Lisp
8. Prolog
9. Scala
10. Haskell

Comparing this to the weighted top ten list from 2024, we can see that the contents of the list hasn't changed at all. The ranks of all languages stayed the same, except for Scala and Haskell which switched places. Python has retained it's top spot once again, and Java stays in second place. C++ and R continue to fight it out for third and fourth, while Julia has stayed in the top five.

References

• https://www.octaldigital.com/blogs/ai-programming-languages/
• https://shivlab.com/blog/top-ai-programming-languages-comprehensive-guide/
• https://www.wednesday.is/writing-articles/top-ai-programming-languages-you-need-to-know
• https://www.pravaahconsulting.com/post/best-ai-programming-languages
• https://www.mygreatlearning.com/blog/aiml-tools-softwares-and-programming-languages/
• https://www.urapptech.com/blogs/ai-programming-languages
• https://www.sevensquaretech.com/top-ai-programming-languages/
• https://www.coderio.com/blog/software-development/top-8-programming-languages-ai/
• https://digiscorp.com/top-ai-programming-languages-in-2025-a-comprehensive-guide/
• https://www.zegocloud.com/blog/ai-programming-languages
• https://www.octalsoftware.com/blog/best-artificial-intelligence-ai-programming-languages
• https://www.tekrowe.com/blogs/post/op-10-programming-languages-you-need-to-know-for-ai-development
• https://www.capicua.com/blog/top-ai-development-languages
• https://phoenixnap.com/blog/ai-programming
• https://www.signitysolutions.com/blog/top-programming-languages-for-artificial-intelligence
• https://www.almabetter.com/bytes/articles/languages-used-for-ai-development
• https://www.intuz.com/blog/top-10-ai-programming-languages
• https://www.aalpha.net/blog/the-5-best-programming-languages-for-ai-development/
• https://www.mindinventory.com/blog/top-ai-programming-languages/
• https://mimo.org/blog/top-ai-programming-languages
• https://www.bmu.edu.in/social/popular-ai-programming-languages/
• https://decode.agency/article/ai-programming-languages/
• https://www.netguru.com/blog/ai-programming-languages
• https://www.sitepoint.com/best-programming-language-for-ai/
• https://eluminoustechnologies.com/blog/ai-programming-languages/
• https://www.esparkinfo.com/blog/ai-programming-languages-to-design-ai-apps
• https://www.upwork.com/resources/best-ai-programming-language
• https://www.bitcot.com/top-ai-programming-languages/
• https://www.ramotion.com/blog/ai-programming-languages/
• https://www.coursera.org/articles/ai-programming-languages
• https://www.entrans.ai/blog/top-ai-programming-languages
• https://medium.com/@alinaqishaheen/top-programming-languages-for-ai-coding-assistance-ranked-9d69ff03e082
• https://www.itransition.com/developers/in-demand-programming-languages
• https://www.snowflake.com/en/fundamentals/ai-programming-languages/
• https://www.deeplearning.ai/blog/five-important-ai-programming-languages/
• https://devtrust.biz/resources/blog/top-programming-languages-artificial-intelligence/
• https://www.jietjodhpur.ac.in/blog/list-of-programming-languages-for-artificial-intelligence
• https://developer.cisco.com/articles/best-programming-language-for-ai/what-is-the-best-programming-language-for-ai/#what-is-the-best-programming-language-for-ai
• https://www.sphinx-solution.com/blog/ai-programming-languages

Weekly Review 16 January 2026

Some interesting links that I Tweeted about in the last week (I also post these on Mastodon, Threads, Newsmast, and Bluesky):

1. Economists are uncertain about the impact of AI: https://www.computerworld.com/article/4108089/a-wild-future-how-economists-are-handling-ai-uncertainty-in-forecasts.html
2. Predicting health issues from sleep data using AI: https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/583468/ai-uses-sleep-study-data-to-accurately-predict-dozens-of-health-issues
3. Yet another AI posing a security risk: https://www.theregister.com/2026/01/07/ibm_bob_vulnerability/
4. Snowflake is embedding AI into its data handling tools: https://www.theregister.com/2026/01/06/snowflake_google_gemini_support/
5. AI is using so much RAM that there aren't enough chips to go around: https://www.theregister.com/2026/01/06/memory_firm_profits_up_as/
6. I'm still very skeptical about AI, especially generative AI, in health: https://dataconomy.com/2026/01/08/openai-launches-dedicated-chatgpt-health-space/
7. Governance is the key to scaling AI in organisations: https://www.informationweek.com/machine-learning-ai/scaling-ai-value-demands-industrial-governance
8. I think that only checking the first 250 prescription renewals made by AI is a bit short on quality control here. It's the edge cases where problems are going to occur: https://arstechnica.com/health/2026/01/utah-allows-ai-to-autonomously-prescribe-medication-refills/
9. A further attempt to make the output of AI more accurate: https://www.techtarget.com/searchdatamanagement/news/366637142/New-Databricks-tool-aims-to-up-agentic-AI-response-accuracy
10. Why Yan LeCun left Facebook's AI lab: https://arstechnica.com/ai/2026/01/computer-scientist-yann-lecun-intelligence-really-is-about-learning/
11. Businesses can turn the weaknesses of AI against their competitors: https://www.computerworld.com/article/4114017/companies-can-compete-against-ai-by-delivering-what-ai-cant.html
12. So its going to be a bit longer before AI destroys us all? https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2026/jan/06/leading-ai-expert-delays-timeline-possible-destruction-humanity
13. Prompt injection attacks continue to be a problem for AI: https://www.theregister.com/2026/01/08/openai_chatgpt_prompt_injection/
14. AI is being used to write malware, but it's just as full of hallucinations as any other code generated by AI: https://www.theregister.com/2026/01/08/criminals_vibe_coding_malware/
15. Generative AI in the financial services industry: https://www.techrepublic.com/article/generative-ai-financial-services/
16. Putting AI in heavy construction machinery: https://dataconomy.com/2026/01/08/caterpillar-partners-with-nvidia-to-put-ai-in-excavators/
17. Ford wants to use AI to personalise vehicles to their drivers: https://arstechnica.com/cars/2026/01/in-car-ai-assistant-coming-to-fords-and-lincolns-in-2027/
18. The distinction between data scientist and AI engineer: https://www.kdnuggets.com/data-scientist-vs-ai-engineer-which-career-should-you-choose-in-2026
19. Can sucking carbon dioxide from the air reduce the climate impact of AI data centres? https://www.theregister.com/2026/01/07/new_carbon_capture_tech/
20. What you can and can't do with AI generated code: https://www.kdnuggets.com/vibe-code-reality-check-what-you-can-actually-build-with-only-ai
21. Some approaches for CIOs to handle the issues raised by AI:  https://www.informationweek.com/it-leadership/2026-cio-trend-from-seat-at-the-table-to-the-ai-hot-seat
22. Some predictions for AI in 2026: https://www.informationweek.com/machine-learning-ai/13-unexpected-under-the-radar-predictions-for-2026
23. Poisoning data sets to prevent stolen AI being used: https://www.theregister.com/2026/01/06/ai_data_pollution_defense/
24. No AI should ever assume that its users have good intentions: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2026/01/grok-assumes-users-seeking-images-of-underage-girls-have-good-intent/

Weekly Review 9 January 2026

Some interesting links that I Tweeted about in the last week (I also post these on Mastodon, Threads, Newsmast, and Bluesky):

1. We should not give AI legal rights: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/dec/30/ai-pull-plug-pioneer-technology-rights
2. While AI continues to guzzle energy, Alphabet is at least investing in clean electricity generation to power its data centres: https://www.hpcwire.com/bigdatawire/2025/12/30/googles-power-play-what-the-4-75b-intersect-acquisition-means-for-the-future-of-ai-infrastructure/
3. Some ways is which AI is likely to develop in 2026: https://techcrunch.com/2026/01/02/in-2026-ai-will-move-from-hype-to-pragmatism/
4. The key features of five different AI web browsers: https://www.kdnuggets.com/the-best-agentic-ai-browsers-to-look-for-in-2026
5. The US army is introducing an AI specialisation role: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/31/us_army_seeking_officers_willing/
6. A lot of the power demands of AI are being met with fossil fuels: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2026/jan/03/just-an-unbelievable-amount-of-pollution-how-big-a-threat-is-ai-to-the-climate
7. World Models are the next big thing in AI: https://www.computerworld.com/article/4106563/after-llms-and-agents-the-next-ai-frontier-video-language-models.html
8. VCs are still betting on continued growth and adoption of AI: https://techcrunch.com/2025/12/29/vcs-predict-strong-enterprise-ai-adoption-next-year-again/
9. A lot of banking jobs are going to go because of AI: https://www.computerworld.com/article/4112389/european-banks-may-lay-off-200000-due-to-ai.html
10. GPU will still be useful when the AI bubble bursts: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/30/how_nvidia_survives_ai_bubble_pop/
11. China issues guidelines to protect the elderly from AI: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/29/asia_tech_news_roundup/
12. China drafts strong rules regarding AI and suicide: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2025/12/china-drafts-worlds-strictest-rules-to-end-ai-encouraged-suicide-violence/
13. Further advances in making AI training more efficient: https://www.computerworld.com/article/4112384/deepseeks-new-method-can-train-ai-more-efficiently-and-cheaply.html
14. Predictions that AI is going to start affecting labour in 2026: https://techcrunch.com/2025/12/31/investors-predict-ai-is-coming-for-labor-in-2026/
15. Embedding AI into the objects in an environment: https://dataconomy.com/2025/12/31/cmu-researchers-develop-self-moving-objects-powered-by-ai/
16. Five changes that enterprises need to make to make the most of AI: https://www.hpcwire.com/bigdatawire/2025/12/31/5-changes-that-will-define-ai-native-enterprises-in-2026/
17. And this is the AI that the Pentagon is going to use: https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/583105/elon-musk-s-grok-under-fire-after-complaints-it-undressed-minors-in-photos
18. Three major areas of AI security flaws: https://www.hpcwire.com/bigdatawire/2025/12/29/2026-ai-security-predictions-the-any-identity-crisis-breach-by-exhaust-the-rise-of-autonomous-adversaries/
19. AI should be used as an assistant for people, not a replacement: https://www.theregister.com/2026/01/02/safe_ceo_interview/
20. AI overviews are giving dangerous health advice: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2026/jan/02/google-ai-overviews-risk-harm-misleading-health-information
21. AI are getting things confidently wrong: https://www.stuff.co.nz/society/360919069/right-question-ask-ai-now-and-unnervingly-qualified-answer-it-gave
22. AI need special training for them to learn arithmetic: https://dataconomy.com/2025/12/30/standard-ai-models-fail-simple-math-without-specialized-training/
23. AI agents are useful, but I don't like the idea of embedding them into an operating system: https://www.techrepublic.com/article/news-microsoft-plan-ai-agents-windows/
24. Five core tensions in an organisation that must be resolved to effectively utilise AI: https://dataconomy.com/2025/12/31/gleans-work-ai-institute-identifies-5-core-ai-tensions/

Weekly Review 2 January 2026

Some interesting links that I Tweeted about in the last week (I also post these on Mastodon, Threads, Newsmast, and Bluesky):

1. Can AI coding agents recreate Minesweeper? https://arstechnica.com/ai/2025/12/the-ars-technica-ai-coding-agent-test-minesweeper-edition/
2. How to prepare for entry-level jobs in the age of AI: https://spectrum.ieee.org/ai-effect-entry-level-jobs
3. Of all the AI that the Pentagon could use, why is it grok? https://dataconomy.com/2025/12/24/why-elon-musks-grok-ai-is-becoming-a-core-tool-for-the-pentagon/
4. AI is weaponising security flaws faster than ever before: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/22/zafran_security_ceo/
5. Giving workers access to more AI doesn't necessarily make them more productive: https://www.informationweek.com/machine-learning-ai/offering-more-ai-tools-can-t-guarantee-better-adoption-so-what-can-
6. AI voice cloning is a gift for extremists: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/dec/21/ai-voice-cloning-nazis-islamic-state-extremism
7. An AI chatbot security flaw is reported..and reported..and kinda gets fixed? https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/24/pentesters_reported_eurostar_chatbot_flaws/
8. Organisational workflows are changing because of AI: https://www.hpcwire.com/bigdatawire/2025/12/23/from-digitalization-to-intelligence-how-ai-is-redefining-enterprise-workflows/
9. Are we willingly becoming slaves to AI? https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/dec/26/ai-dark-ages-enlightenment
10. Rolling out AI support doesn't always make things better: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/23/oracles_new_aienhanced_support_portal/
11. AI projects fail because management isn't ready for them: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/24/reason_ai_isnt_delivering/
12. AI spending is dropping because it doesn't really add a lot of value to businesses: https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/24/ai_spending_cooling_off/
13. The pope views AI as a moral as well as a technological issue: https://dataconomy.com/2025/12/25/pope-leo-xiv-prepares-landmark-magnifica-humanitas-encyclical-on-ai/
14. Seven AI models that will run on a Raspberry Pi: https://www.kdnuggets.com/7-tiny-ai-models-for-raspberry-pi
15. When the AI bubble bursts, we might be able to reduce the power of the tech bros: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/dec/23/artificial-intelligence-ai-bubble-bursts-humans-take-back-control
16. An overview of how coding AI work: https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2025/12/how-do-ai-coding-agents-work-we-look-under-the-hood/
17. AI and the post-COVID tech slowdown is resulting in a lot of tech-sector redundancies: https://www.informationweek.com/it-leadership/tech-company-layoffs-the-covid-tech-bubble-bursts-sep-14
18. The growth of AI has made the building and powering of more data centres a public issue: https://techcrunch.com/2025/12/24/the-year-data-centers-went-from-backend-to-center-stage/
19. Using AI to detect whale strandings before they happen: https://www.stuff.co.nz/nz-news/360918173/ai-buoy-gives-rescuers-head-start-golden-bay-whale-strandings
20. I don't think AI is quite up to the task of solving real-world mysteries: https://www.stuff.co.nz/society/360918326/kenny-dale-shame-me-how-ai-came-tantalisingly-close-solving-mystery-old-guitar-and-its-anguished